{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T10:39:23Z","timestamp":1791283163789,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,21]],"date-time":"2015-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1442793600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ICI14\u201000372"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ICI14\u201000372"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CES12\/003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CES12\/003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI13\/01574"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI13\/01574"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Viral Hepatitis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients infected with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> are at increased risk for cardiovascular disease despite successful antiretroviral therapy. Likewise, chronic hepatitis C virus (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCV<\/jats:styled-content>) infection is associated with extrahepatic complications, including cardiovascular disease. However the risk of cardiovascular disease has not been formally examined in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010coinfected patients. A retrospective study was carried out to assess the influence of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCV<\/jats:styled-content> coinfection on the risk of cardiovascular events in a large cohort of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010infected patients recruited since year 2004. A composite event of cardiovascular disease was used as an endpoint, including myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, stroke or death due to any of them. A total of 1136 patients (567 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010monoinfected, 70 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010monoinfected and 499 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010coinfected) were analysed. Mean age was 42.7 years, 79% were males, and 46% were former injection drug users. Over a mean follow\u2010up of 79.4 \u00b1 21 months, 3 patients died due to cardiovascular disease, whereas 29 suffered a first episode of coronary ischaemia or stroke. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010coinfected patients had a greater incidence of cardiovascular disease events and\/or death than <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010monoinfected individuals (4% <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> 1.2%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.004) and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010monoinfected persons (4% <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> 1.4%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.5). After adjusting for demographics, virological parameters and classical cardiovascular disease risk factors (smoking, hypertension, diabetes, high <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LDL<\/jats:styled-content> cholesterol), both <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCV<\/jats:styled-content> coinfection (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HR<\/jats:styled-content> 2.91; <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 95%: 1.19\u20137.12; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.02) and hypertension (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HR<\/jats:styled-content> 3.65; <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 95%: 1.34\u20139.94; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.01) were independently associated with cardiovascular disease events and\/or death in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010infected patients. Chronic hepatitis C and hypertension are independently associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010infected patients. Therefore, treatment of chronic hepatitis C should be prioritized in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010coinfected patients regardless of any liver fibrosis staging.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.12447","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,21]],"date-time":"2015-09-21T13:14:45Z","timestamp":1442841285000},"page":"47-52","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Hepatitis C virus coinfection independently increases the risk of cardiovascular disease in <scp>HIV<\/scp>\u2010positive patients"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"J. 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