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This study aimed to characterize HCV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010specific CD<\/jats:styled-content>4+ effector and regulatory T\u2010cell numbers and cytokine production during primary infection. Antigen\u2010specific CD<\/jats:styled-content>4+ T\u2010cell responses were investigated in a longitudinal cohort of subjects from pre\u2010infection to postoutcome, including subjects who cleared [n=12] or became chronically infected [n=17]. A cross\u2010sectional cohort with previously cleared, or chronic infection [n=15 for each], was also studied. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were incubated with HCV<\/jats:styled-content> antigens and surface stained for T\u2010effector (CD<\/jats:styled-content>4+CD<\/jats:styled-content>25high<\/jats:sup>CD<\/jats:styled-content>134+CD<\/jats:styled-content>39\u2010) and T\u2010regulatory (CD<\/jats:styled-content>4+CD<\/jats:styled-content>25high<\/jats:sup>CD<\/jats:styled-content>134+CD<\/jats:styled-content>39+) markers, and culture supernatants assayed for cytokine production. Contrary to expectations, the breadth and magnitude of the HCV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010specific CD<\/jats:styled-content>4+ T\u2010cell responses were higher in subjects who became chronically infected. Subjects who cleared the virus had HCV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010specific CD<\/jats:styled-content>4+ T\u2010cell responses dominated by effector T cells and produced higher levels of IFN<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b3, in contrast to HCV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010specific CD<\/jats:styled-content>4+ T\u2010cell responses dominated by regulatory T cells and more IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201010 production in those who became chronically infected. Better understanding of the role of antigen\u2010specific CD<\/jats:styled-content>4+ T\u2010cell responses in primary HCV<\/jats:styled-content> will further define pathogenesis and help guide development of a preventative vaccine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.12576","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,25]],"date-time":"2016-08-25T06:57:14Z","timestamp":1472108234000},"page":"985-993","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Hepatitis C\u2010specific effector and regulatory CD<\/scp>4 T\u2010cell responses are associated with the outcomes of primary infection"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"E.","family":"Keoshkerian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UNSW Australia Kirby Institute (Viral Immunology Systems Program, VISP) and School of Medical Sciences (SOMS) Kensington NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Hunter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNSW Australia SOMS (Infection and Immunology Research Centre, IIRC) Kensington NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Cameron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNSW Australia SOMS (Infection and Immunology Research Centre, IIRC) Kensington NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNSW Australia SOMS (Infection and Immunology Research Centre, IIRC) Kensington NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Sugden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNSW Australia SOMS (Infection and Immunology Research Centre, IIRC) Kensington NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Bull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNSW Australia Kirby Institute (Viral Immunology Systems Program, VISP) and School of Medical Sciences (SOMS) Kensington NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Zekry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNSW Australia St George and Sutherland Clinical School Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Maher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNSW Australia Kirby Institute (Viral Hepatitis Epidemiology and Prevention Program VHEPP) Kensington NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Seddiki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Vaccine Research Institute (VRI) INSERM Cr\u00e9teil France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Zaunders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNSW Australia Kirby Institute (Immunovirology and Pathogenesis Program, IVPP) Kensington NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Kelleher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNSW Australia Kirby Institute (Immunovirology and Pathogenesis Program, IVPP) Kensington NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. 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