{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:14:53Z","timestamp":1787015693662,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]],"date-time":"2016-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1480550400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Viral Hepatitis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    There are few long\u2010term nationally representative studies of all\u2010cause mortality among those infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). When an additional 5\u00a0years of data were made publicly available in 2015, the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Linked Mortality File became the longest nationally representative study in the United States. Our objective was to update the estimated HCV\u2010associated all\u2010cause mortality in the general US population and determine any differences by sex, age and race\/ethnicity. HCV status was assessed in 9117 nationally representative adults aged 18\u201059\u00a0years from 1988 to 1994, and mortality follow\u2010up of the same individuals was completed through 2011 and made publicly available in 2015. There were 930 deaths over a median follow\u2010up of 19.8\u00a0years. After adjusting for all covariate risk factors, chronic HCV had 2.63 times (95% CI: 1.59\u20104.37;\n                    <jats:italic>P=<\/jats:italic>\n                    .0002) higher all\u2010cause mortality rate ratio (MRR) compared with being HCV negative. All\u2010cause MRR was stratified by sex, age and race\/ethnicity. Only race\/ethnicity was a significant effect modifier of MRR (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt;.0001) as the highest MRR of chronic HCV compared to HCV negative was 7.48 (95% CI: 2.15\u201026.10,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    =.001) among Mexican Americans, 2.67 (95% CI: 2.67\u20105.56,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    =.009) among non\u2010Hispanic Whites and 2.02 (95% CI: 1.20\u20103.40,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    =.007) among non\u2010Hispanic Blacks. Racial disparity was seen in the all\u2010cause mortality as Mexican Americans with chronic HCV had approximately seven times higher mortality rate than HCV\u2010negative individuals. This suggests that these at\u2010risk individuals should be targeted for HCV screening and treatment, given the availability of new highly effective HCV therapies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.12656","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]],"date-time":"2016-12-01T01:05:52Z","timestamp":1480554352000},"page":"380-388","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Racial disparity in all\u2010cause mortality among hepatitis C virus\u2010infected individuals in a general US population, NHANES III"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"B.","family":"Emmanuel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Virology University of Maryland School of Medicine  Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. 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S.","family":"El\u2010Kamary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Public Health University of Maryland School of Medicine  Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis361"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M13-1133"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Viral Hepatitis Surveillance United States 2014 [Internet].2014. Available from:http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hepatitis\/statistics\/2014surveillance\/index.htm. 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