{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T17:19:11Z","timestamp":1788369551435,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,20]],"date-time":"2017-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1511136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Viral Hepatitis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hepatitis B virus (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HBV<\/jats:styled-content>) causes both acute and chronic hepatitis and infects large numbers of individuals worldwide. Unfortunately, prediction of typical clinical outcome is problematic and there is considerable variability in the frequency, duration and severity of disease progression. The mainstay of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HBV<\/jats:styled-content> treatment is directed towards the suppression of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HBV<\/jats:styled-content> replication by nucleos(t)ide analogs (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NUC<\/jats:styled-content>s). The use of immunomodulators such as \u03b1\u2010Interferon and thymosin \u03b11 can, in select patients, results in elimination of both <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HB<\/jats:styled-content>sAg and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HB<\/jats:styled-content>eAg. Given the observation that viral clearance is most effective in the presence of a strong immune response, this review summarizes data suggesting that the use of a combination of an immune modulator such as T\u03b11 with a highly effective <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NUC<\/jats:styled-content> may result in a more successful therapeutic approach in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). Results from small studies using combination T\u03b11 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NUC<\/jats:styled-content>s are encouraging, and ongoing clinical trials combining entecavir with T\u03b11 are anticipated to provide important data assessing the use of a combination of T\u03b11 with a <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NUC<\/jats:styled-content> to achieve resolution of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CHB.<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.12807","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,20]],"date-time":"2017-10-20T08:06:40Z","timestamp":1508486800000},"page":"4-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Immunotherapy for hepatitis B in the direct acting antiviral era: Reevaluating the thymosin \u03b11 efficacy trials in the light of a combination therapy approach"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"P. 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