{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:15:52Z","timestamp":1787015752923,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,27]],"date-time":"2019-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Viral Hepatitis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Prisons are a key demographic in the drive to eradicate hepatitis C virus (HCV) as a major public health threat. We have assessed the impact of the recently introduced national opt\u2010out policy on the current status of HCV testing in 14 prisons in the East Midlands (UK). We analysed testing rates pre\u2010 and post\u2010introduction of opt\u2010out testing, together with face\u2010to\u2010face interviews with prison healthcare and management staff in each prison. In the year pre\u2010opt\u2010out, 1972 people in prison (PIP) were tested, compared to 3440 in the year following opt\u2010out. From July 2016 to June 2017, 2706 people were tested, representing 13.5% of all prison entrants (median 16.6%, range 7.6%\u201040.7%). Factors correlating with testing rates were as follows: pre\u2010admission location of the PIP (another prison or the community, OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.9\u20102.3,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001); whether the PIP could access health care independently of prison officers (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.5\u20101.8,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001); the absence of out\u2010reach services for HCV treatment (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.2\u20101.5,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), whether &gt;50% of PIP reported ease of access to a nurse (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.8\u20102.2,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), and whether prison health care was supplied by private or NHS providers (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.2\u20101.5,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). Testing rates remained far below the minimum national opt\u2010out target of 50%. Inadequacy of healthcare facilities and constraints imposed by adherence to prison regimens were cited by healthcare and management staff at all prisons. Without radical change, the prison estate may be intrinsically incapable of supporting NHSE to deliver the HCV elimination strategy.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.13071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,31]],"date-time":"2019-01-31T08:08:24Z","timestamp":1548922104000},"page":"644-654","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Testing for hepatitis C virus infection in UK prisons: What actually happens?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8596-4073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathryn","family":"Jack","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham  Nottingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8490-2332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian J.","family":"Thomson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham  Nottingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7268-3168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William L.","family":"Irving","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham  Nottingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Combating hepatitis B and C to reach elimination by 2030 2016;(May):1\u201016.http:\/\/www.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/206453. Accessed February 10 2019."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","unstructured":"NHS England.NHS England sets out plans to be first in the world to eliminate Hepatitis C https:\/\/www.england.nhs.uk\/2018\/01\/hepatitis-c-2\/. Accessed February 10 2019."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","unstructured":"Public Health England.Public Health England Health & Justice report 2014.https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/562775\/Health_and_justice_report_2014.PDF. Accessed February 10 2019."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-018-0230-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.10.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.12987","article-title":"Understanding facilitators and barriers of direct\u2010acting antiviral therapy for hepatitis C virus infection in prison","volume":"25","author":"Lafferty L","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","unstructured":"Public Health England.Hepatitis C in the UK 2014 report.Public Health England;2014.https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/337115\/HCV_in_the_UK_2014_24_July.pdf. Accessed February 10 2019."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","unstructured":"NHS England.National Partnership Agreement Between: NOMS NHS England and Public Health England for the Co\u2010Commissioning and Delivery of Healthcare Services in Prisons in England.2013:1\u201038."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"HIV testing in correctional institutions: evaluating existing strategies, setting new standards","volume":"20","author":"Basu S","year":"2005","journal-title":"AIDS Public Policy J"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","unstructured":"Public Health England.Hepatitis C in the UK 2018 report 2018.http:\/\/fileserver.idpc.net\/library\/HCV_in_England_2018.pdf. Accessed February 10 2019."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","unstructured":"NHS Commissioning Board.Securing Excellence in Commissioning for Offender Health.2013;(April):4\u20106."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","unstructured":"Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Prisons.Inspection Reports.https:\/\/www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk\/hmiprisons\/. Accessed February 10 2019."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2015.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","unstructured":"Public Health England;NHS England;National Offender Management Service.BBV bulletin: Special Edition. Quarterly update report of the introduction of opt\u2010out BBV testing in prisons from PHE NHSE England and NOMS October 2016 2016;(11).https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/560863\/BBV_bulletin_October_2016.pdf. Accessed February 10 2019."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","unstructured":"Her Majesty's Prison Service.Prison Service Order Number 3050 Continuity of Healthcare for Prisoners 2006.http:\/\/insidetime.org\/download\/rules_&_policies\/pso_(prison_service_orders)\/PSO_3050_continuity_of_healthcare_for_prisoners.pdf. Accessed February 10 2019."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","unstructured":"National Offender Management Service.Early days in custody. Reception in first night in custody and induction to custody 2015.https:\/\/www.justice.gov.uk\/downloads\/offenders\/psipso\/psi-2015\/psi-07-2015-pi-06-2015-early-days-in-custody.pdf. Accessed February 10 2019."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2013.01.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2008.03872.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.13489"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.13017"},{"issue":"24","key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","first-page":"811","article-title":"HIV screening of male inmates during prison intake medical evaluation \u2013 Washington, 2006\u20102010","volume":"60","author":"Strick LB","year":"2011","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","unstructured":"WohlD SmithP. GreenK. et\u00a0al.Opt\u2010out HIV testing on prison entry increases the proportion of individuals screened for HIV and the number testing seropositive. Poster 1006 Present 17th Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect (CROI) Feb 16\u201019 San Fr.2010."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000889"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007648"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008056"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/aeap.2011.23.3_supp.96"}],"container-title":["Journal of Viral Hepatitis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fjvh.13071","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jvh.13071","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jvh.13071","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jvh.13071","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]],"date-time":"2023-09-07T18:05:24Z","timestamp":1694109924000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jvh.13071"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,27]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jvh.13071"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvh.13071","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1352-0504","1365-2893"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1352-0504","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2893","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-10-26","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-01-05","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-02-27","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}