{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T11:14:38Z","timestamp":1762341278242,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,18]],"date-time":"2019-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1566086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Viral Hepatitis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>From July to August 2016, 4 homeless people who injected drugs (PWID) with acute or recent hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection were reported in Belfast. A multidisciplinary team including public health, homeless and addiction services undertook an investigation to identify risk behaviours and interrupt transmission chains. Recent HCV cases were defined as negative test within the previous year, or reported injecting for less than 1\u00a0year; acute cases had tested negative within the previous 6\u00a0months. Contacts in the injecting networks of cases were identified for testing. We undertook a cross\u2010sectional survey using structured questionnaires to elicit risk behaviours for PWID and compare behaviours between self\u2010reported hepatitis C positive and negative subjects. During the outbreak investigation until December 2017, 156 PWID were tested and 45 (29%) cases identified, including 7 (16%) recent and 13 (29%) acute infections. 68 PWID, including 12 cases, were interviewed. All respondents reported using heroin, with 76% injecting once or more daily. Sharing was reported for spoons (58%) and filters (53%), but also needles (27%) and syringes (29%). Hepatitis C positive individuals had higher odds to be injecting in public toilets (AOR 17, 95% CI 0.71\u2010400, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.05) when compared with hepatitis C negative individuals. Hepatitis C positive individuals were more likely to inject in public spaces, but all respondents indicated concerning risk behaviours. We recommend active surveillance with ongoing testing, expanding existing harm reduction programmes and access to bespoke services.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.13184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,22]],"date-time":"2019-07-22T12:30:03Z","timestamp":1563798603000},"page":"1377-1387","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Risk behaviours of homeless people who inject drugs during an outbreak of hepatitis C, Northern Ireland, 2016\u20102017"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8372-7525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Maisa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Agency Health Protection Service Northern Ireland Belfast Northern Ireland"},{"name":"European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training (EPIET) European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Semple","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Homeless Public Health Nursing Service Belfast Health and Social Care Trust Belfast Northern Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"Griffiths","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Agency Health Protection Service Northern Ireland Belfast Northern Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siew Lin","family":"Ngui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virus Reference Department, National Infection Service Public Health England Colindale, London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neville Q.","family":"Verlander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statistics, Modelling and Economics Department, National Infection Service Public Health England London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Conall","family":"McCaughey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Virus Laboratory Belfast Health and Social Care Trust Belfast Northern Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lorraine","family":"Doherty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Agency Health Protection Service Northern Ireland Belfast Northern Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucy","family":"Jessop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Agency Health Protection Service Northern Ireland Belfast Northern Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the Outbreak Control Team","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,18]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Global Hepatitis Report, 2017","year":"2017","author":"World Health Organization","key":"e_1_2_11_2_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22375"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143836"},{"volume-title":"Annual Epidemiological Report for 2016 Hepatitis C","year":"2018","author":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control","key":"e_1_2_11_5_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","unstructured":"NI Regional Hepatitis B & C Managed Clinical Network Annual Report 2017.2017.https:\/\/www.hepbandcni.net\/sites\/default\/files\/2017%20Annual%20Network%20Report%20Final_0.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2900\/24396"},{"volume-title":"Unlinked Anonymous Monitoring Survey of People Who Inject Drugs: data tables","year":"2017","author":"Public Health England, National Infection Service","key":"e_1_2_11_8_1"},{"volume-title":"Shooting Up: Infections among people who inject drugs in the UK, 2016","year":"2017","author":"Public Health England, Health Protection Scotland, Public Health Wales, and Public Health Agency Northern Ireland","key":"e_1_2_11_9_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.13.21.18879-en"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2002.10415.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(12)70177-9"},{"volume-title":"Homelessness in Northern Ireland","year":"2017","author":"Northern Ireland Audit Office","key":"e_1_2_11_13_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-6532(08)70112-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.15.39.19673-en"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.10.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2017.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2014.09.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6450a5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-3748-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Needle and Syringe Exchange Service Report","author":"HSC Public Health Agency","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2900\/58565."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2008.05.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2017.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30466-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32953-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2015.20.40.30036"}],"container-title":["Journal of Viral Hepatitis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jvh.13184","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jvh.13184","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jvh.13184","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,9]],"date-time":"2023-09-09T07:18:19Z","timestamp":1694243899000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jvh.13184"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,18]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jvh.13184"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvh.13184","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1352-0504","1365-2893"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1352-0504"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1365-2893"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-12-11","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-06-25","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-08-18","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}