{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T22:51:44Z","timestamp":1773355904201,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,4]],"date-time":"2020-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008196","name":"M\u00e9decins Sans Fronti\u00e8res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Viral Hepatitis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Despite the availability of effective direct\u2010acting antiviral (DAA) treatments for Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, many people remain undiagnosed and untreated. We assessed the cost\u2010effectiveness of a M\u00e9decins Sans Fronti\u00e8res (MSF) HCV screening and treatment programme within a primary health clinic in Karachi, Pakistan. A health state transition Markov model was developed to estimate the cost\u2010effectiveness of the MSF programme. Programme cost and outcome data were analysed retrospectively. The incremental cost\u2010effectiveness ratio (ICER) was calculated in terms of incremental cost (2016 US$) per disability\u2010adjusted life year (DALY) averted from the provider's perspective over a lifetime horizon. The robustness of the model was evaluated using deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses (PSA). The ICER for implementing testing and treatment compared to no programme was US$450\/DALY averted, with 100% of PSA runs falling below the per capita Gross Domestic Product threshold for cost\u2010effective interventions for Pakistan (US$1,422). The ICER increased to US$532\/DALY averted assuming national HCV seroprevalence (5.5% versus 33% observed in the intervention). If the cost of liver disease care was included (adapted from resource use data from Cambodia which has similar GDP to Pakistan), the ICER dropped to US$148\/DALY, while it became cost\u2010saving if a recently negotiated reduced drug cost of $75\/treatment course was assumed (versus $282 in base\u2010case) in addition to cost of liver disease care. In conclusion, screening and DAA treatment for HCV infection are expected to be highly cost\u2010effective in Pakistan, supporting the expansion of similar screening and treatment programmes across Pakistan.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.13422","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]],"date-time":"2020-10-14T07:55:22Z","timestamp":1602662122000},"page":"268-278","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Cost\u2010effectiveness of screening and treatment using direct\u2010acting antivirals for chronic Hepatitis C virus in a primary care setting in Karachi, Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9775-6581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nyashadzaishe","family":"Mafirakureva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Sciences Bristol Medical School University of Bristol Bristol 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