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We conducted a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis of observational studies to determine the association. PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane database were searched from 1 January 1975 to 7 January 2020. Study selection, data extraction and bias assessment (using the Newcastle\u2010Ottawa scale) were performed independently by 2 authors. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) with corresponding confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random\u2010effects model. In all, 16 studies (11 cohort studies and 5 case\u2010control studies) involving a total of 391,071 HCV patients and 38,333,839 non\u2010HCV controls were included. The overall analysis showed a 47% higher risk to develop kidney cancer among the patients with HCV infection (pooled OR 1.47; 95% CI 1.14\u20101.91), despite significant heterogeneity (<jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u00a0=\u00a087.6%). The multivariable meta\u2010regression showed that study design, age, sample size and HIV co\u2010infection were significant sources of variance, and totally accounted for 82% of the <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>. The risk of KC in HCV patients was further increased in studies without HCV\/HBV\u2010 and HCV\/HIV\u2010 co\u2010infection (pooled OR 1.66; 95%CI 1.23\u20102.24). Multiple sensitivity analyses did not change the significant association. The present meta\u2010analysis indicated that HCV\u2010infected patients have a significantly higher risk of developing kidney cancer. Our results highlighted the rationale for improved renal surveillance in HCV patients for the early diagnosis of kidney cancer. Further investigations for the mechanisms underlying HCV\u2010induced kidney cancer are warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.13434","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,3]],"date-time":"2020-11-03T18:02:16Z","timestamp":1604426536000},"page":"226-235","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Association of hepatitis C infection and risk of kidney cancer: A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis of observational studies"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8209-4546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Di","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hepatology Shenzhen Hospital Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Shenzhen China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shiping","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hepatology Shenzhen Hospital Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Shenzhen China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guozi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Shenzhen Hospital Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Shenzhen China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Longjiao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Shenzhen Hospital Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Shenzhen China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hepatology Shenzhen Hospital Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Shenzhen China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenlin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hepatology Shenzhen Hospital Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Shenzhen China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Youwen","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hepatology Shenzhen Hospital Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Shenzhen China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoni","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Shenzhen Hospital Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Shenzhen China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Shenzhen Hospital Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Shenzhen China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fenfang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hepatology Shenzhen Hospital Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Shenzhen China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(19)30385-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1665-2681(19)31439-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Biological agents. 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