{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T23:02:55Z","timestamp":1790463775849,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,7]],"date-time":"2021-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001710","name":"Branco Weiss Fellowship \u2013 Society in Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001710","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000275","name":"Leverhulme Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000275","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Viral Hepatitis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Vaccination and anti\u2010viral therapy with nucleos(t)ide analogues (NAs) are key approaches to reducing the morbidity, mortality and transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. However, the efficacy of these interventions may be reduced by the emergence of drug resistance\u2010associated mutations (RAMs) and\/or vaccine escape mutations (VEMs). We have assimilated data on the global prevalence and distribution of HBV RAMs\/VEMs from publicly available data and explored the evolution of these mutations. We analysed sequences downloaded from the HBV Database and calculated prevalence of 41 RAMs and 38 VEMs catalogued from published studies. We generated maximum likelihood phylogenetic trees and used treeBreaker to investigate the distribution and estimated the age of selected mutations across tree branches. RAM M204I\/V had the highest prevalence, occurring in 3.8% (109\/2838) of all HBV sequences in our data set, and a significantly higher rate in genotype C at 5.4% (60\/1102,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.0007). VEMs had an overall prevalence of 1.3% (37\/2837) and had the highest prevalence in genotype C and in Asia at 2.2% (24\/1102;\n                    <jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                    =\u00a00.002) and 1.6% (34\/2109;\n                    <jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                    =\u00a00.009), respectively. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that RAM\/VEMs can arise independently of treatment\/vaccine exposure. In conclusion, HBV RAMs\/VEMs have been found globally and across genotypes, with the highest prevalence observed in genotype C. Screening for genotype and for resistance\u2010associated mutations may help to improve stratified patient treatment. As NAs and HBV vaccines are increasingly being deployed for HBV prevention and treatment, monitoring for resistance and advocating for better treatment regimens for HBV remains essential.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.13525","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,24]],"date-time":"2021-04-24T04:01:28Z","timestamp":1619236888000},"page":"1110-1120","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Global prevalence and phylogeny of hepatitis B virus (HBV) drug and vaccine resistance mutations"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Jolynne","family":"Mokaya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Medicine  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tetyana I.","family":"Vasylyeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases &amp; Global Public Health Department of Medicine University of California  San Diego CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleanor","family":"Barnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Medicine  Oxford UK"},{"name":"Department of Hepatology Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust John Radcliffe Hospital  Oxford UK"},{"name":"National Institutes of Health Research Health Informatics Collaborative NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre John Radcliffe Hospital  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. 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