{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T13:33:48Z","timestamp":1783949628144,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Viral Hepatitis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Direct\u2010acting antiviral (DAA) therapy for anybody with viraemic HCV infection has been scaled\u2010up in England since 2017. To assess early impacts, we investigated trends in, and factors associated with, HCV viraemia among people who inject drugs (PWID). We also examined trends in self\u2010reported treatment access. Bio\u2010behavioural data from an annual, national surveillance survey of PWID (2011\u20132018) estimated trends in viraemic prevalence among HCV antibody\u2010positive PWID. Multivariable logistic regression identified characteristics independently associated with viraemia. Trends in treatment access were examined for PWID with known infection. Between 2011 and 2016, viraemic prevalence among antibody\u2010positive PWID remained stable (2011, 57.7%; 2016, 55.8%) but decreased in 2017 (49.4%) and 2018 (50.4%) (both <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). After adjustment for demographic and behavioural characteristics, there remained significant reduction in viraemia in 2017 (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.79, 95% CI 0.65\u20130.94) and 2018 (aOR 0.79, 95% CI 0.66\u20130.93) compared to 2016. Other factors associated with viraemia were male gender (aOR 1.68, 95% CI 1.53\u20131.86), geographical region, injecting in past year (aOR 1.26, 95% CI 1.13\u20131.41), imprisonment (aOR 1.14, 95% CI 1.04\u20131.31) and homelessness (aOR 1.17, 95% CI 1.04\u20131.31). Among non\u2010viraemic PWID with known infection, the proportion reporting ever receiving treatment increased in 2017 (28.7%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) and 2018 (38.9%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) compared to 2016 (14.5%). In conclusion, there has been a small reduction in HCV viraemia among antibody\u2010positive PWID in England since 2016, alongside DAA scale\u2010up, and some indication that treatment access has improved in the same period. Population\u2010level monitoring and focus on harm reduction is critical for achieving and evaluating elimination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.13575","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]],"date-time":"2021-07-16T14:31:48Z","timestamp":1626445908000},"page":"1452-1463","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The impact of direct\u2010acting antivirals on hepatitis C viraemia among people who inject drugs in England; real\u2010world data 2011\u20132018"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9690-6493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Megan","family":"Bardsley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Infection Service Public Health England London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen","family":"Heinsbroek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Infection Service Public Health England London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3190-7281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ross","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Infection Service Public Health England London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2220-623X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Croxford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Infection Service Public Health England London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Edmundson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Infection Service Public Health England London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivian","family":"Hope","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Infection Service Public Health England London UK"},{"name":"Public 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