{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T21:12:11Z","timestamp":1768684331982,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,21]],"date-time":"2021-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637452800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Viral Hepatitis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hepatitis C is a leading cause of liver disease and transplantation and is a significant burden on public health worldwide. This study aimed to apply the Electronic Nose (E\u2010Nose) and quadrupole Mass Spectrometry (MS\/MS) technologies for screening blood samples from hepatitis C patients and healthy controls. We analysed volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the headspace over blood samples to identify those VOCs characteristic for diagnosing hepatitis C patients. The study comprised 150 acute hepatitis C patients with age range: 24\u201359\u00a0years, and mean age \u00b1SD: 41.5\u00a0\u00b1\u00a012.8\u00a0years and 150 age\u2010matched healthy controls (age range: 24\u201351 and mean age: 40.11\u00a0\u00b1\u00a04.89\u00a0years) from the Hospital of the Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt. Collected blood samples were analysed qualitatively and quantitatively using the E\u2010Nose and MS\/MS techniques, respectively. Principal component analysis of the E\u2010Nose 10\u2010sensor responses accurately classified blood samples from hepatitis C patients and healthy controls. The first two principal components explained over 98.35% of the variance in signals with no false\u2010positive (healthy controls) or false\u2010negative (hepatitis C patients) results. MS\/MS showed two fragmentation ions at <jats:italic>m<\/jats:italic>\/<jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic> of 104 and 151\u00a0Da with the positive electrospray ionization mode (ESI+) in blood samples for hepatitis C patients, but not for healthy controls or background water samples. We identified the two specific fragmentation ions at <jats:italic>m<\/jats:italic>\/<jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic> 104 and <jats:italic>m<\/jats:italic>\/<jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic> 151 Da as malonic acid (MF: C<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>H<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>; MW: 104.06\u00a0g\/mol) and monosaccharide pentose (MF: C<jats:sub>5<\/jats:sub>H<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>5<\/jats:sub>; MW: 150.13\u00a0g\/mol) in VOCs of the headspace over blood samples for hepatitis C patients. This provides a rationale for developing diagnostic tests for hepatitis C virus based on altered trace VOCs concentrations using the relatively inexpensive, easy\u2010to\u2010use, portable and non\u2010invasive E\u2010Nose technology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.13630","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,13]],"date-time":"2021-11-13T06:04:26Z","timestamp":1636783466000},"page":"147-155","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Electronic nose versus quadrupole mass spectrometry for identifying viral hepatitis C patients"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4870-1928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ehab I.","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biophysics Medical Research Institute Alexandria University Alexandria Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7438-1884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sameh M.","family":"El\u2010Ghnam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics Faculty of Science Alexandria University Alexandria Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7087-6970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amani M.","family":"Bayoumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics Faculty of Science Alexandria University Alexandria Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1252-5934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samir M.","family":"Abdel\u2010Mageed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics Faculty of Science Alexandria University Alexandria Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3327-4377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Doaa A.","family":"Ghareeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Science Alexandria University Alexandria Egypt"},{"name":"Pre\u2010Clinical Center Scientific Research and Technology Applications City Borg Al\u2010Arab Alexandria Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2432-4678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northern Ontario School of Medicine Lakehead University Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S119301"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v6.i13.589"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","first-page":"161","article-title":"Global prevalence and genotype distribution of hepatitis C virus infection in 2015: a modelling study","volume":"2","author":"Polaris Observatory HCV Collaborators","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2013.19.1.17"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.13186"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27259"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","volume-title":"Guidelines for the Screening Care and Treatment of Persons with Chronic Hepatitis C 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