{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T08:45:03Z","timestamp":1791362703904,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,11]],"date-time":"2022-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005564","name":"Gilead Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005564","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Viral Hepatitis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hepatitis C virus (HCV) surveillance is a critical component of a comprehensive strategy to prevent and control HCV infection and HCV\u2010related chronic liver disease. The emergency department (ED) has been increasingly recognized as a vital partner in HCV testing and linkage. We sought to consider active RNA HCV viremia over time in patients participating in an ED\u2010based testing programme as a measure of local HCV surveillance and as a barometer of ED\u2010testing programme impact. We performed a retrospective analysis of individuals participating in our ED\u2010based HCV testing programme between 2015 and 2021. Chi\u2010square tests were used to compare the demographic characteristics of HCV antibody positive tests with active viremia to those without active viremia. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate the trend in active viremia risk over time in the overall study population as well as in key subpopulations of interest. Of 5456 HCV antibody positive individuals, 3102 (56.8%) had active viremia. In the overall study population, we found that the risk of active viremia decreased by 4.8% per year during the study period (RR: 0.95, 95% CI: 0.93\u20130.97|<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.0001). Baby boomers experienced a 9% decrease in active viremia risk per year over the study period while non\u2010baby boomers only had a 2% decrease in risk per year (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.0009). Compared with insured patients, uninsured patients had a smaller decrease in risk of active HCV viremia per year (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.003). No significant differences in the risk of active viremia over time were observed for gender (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.4694) or by primary care provider status (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.2208). In conclusion, this ED\u2010based testing and linkage programme demonstrates significantly decreased active HCV viremia over time. It also highlights subpopulations, specifically non\u2010baby boomers and uninsured patients, who may benefit from focused interventions to improve access to and adoption of definitive HCV care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.13744","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,5]],"date-time":"2022-09-05T08:20:44Z","timestamp":1662366044000},"page":"1026-1034","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Hepatitis C active viremia over time in an <scp>ED<\/scp>\u2010based testing programme: Impact, disparities and surveillance tool"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Lindy","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myles","family":"Prados","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel B.","family":"Rodgers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Delissa T.","family":"Hand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3040-436X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren A.","family":"Walter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32320-7"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","first-page":"S131","article-title":"Assessing the burden of illness of chronic hepatitis C and impact of direct\u2010acting antiviral use on healthcare costs in Medicaid","volume":"25","author":"Roebuck MC","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Manag Care"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30297"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2020.306149"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Guidelines For Viral Hepatitis Surveillance And Case Management. Accessed February 23 2022.https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hepatitis\/statistics\/surveillanceguidelines.htm"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6618a2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301601"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51128-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.13897"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2021.1.49667"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v26.i32.4878"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-021-00360-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27410"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services.Viral Hepatitis in the United States: Data and Trends. Accessed February 23 2022.https:\/\/www.hhs.gov\/hepatitis\/learn\u2010about\u2010viral\u2010hepatitis\/data\u2010and\u2010trends\/index.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6919a1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","unstructured":"Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.Low\u2010income patients say ER is better than primary care. Accessed February 23 2022.https:\/\/www.rwjf.org\/en\/library\/articles\u2010and\u2010news\/2013\/07\/low\u2010income\u2010patients\u2010say\u2010er\u2010is\u2010better\u2010than\u2010primary\u2010care.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","unstructured":"Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (press release).New data say uninsured account for nearly one\u2010fifth of emergency room visits. Accessed February 23 2022.https:\/\/archive.ahrq.gov\/news\/newsroom\/press\u2010releases\/2009\/hhsuninser.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.300.16.1914"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","first-page":"61","article-title":"Impact of hepatitis C virus and insurance coverage on mortality","volume":"25","author":"Bush H","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Manag Care"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","unstructured":"American Association of Medical Colleges.Alabama Physician Workforce Profile. Accessed February 23 2022.https:\/\/www.aamc.org\/media\/37726\/download"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"The evolving role of emergency departments in the United States","volume":"3","author":"Morganti KG","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rand Health Q"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1197\/aemj.10.7.753"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6947-5-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa207"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.2021National Viral Hepatitis Progress Report. Accessed February 23 2022.https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hepatitis\/policy\/npr\/2021\/NationalProgressReport2021.htm"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2021.03.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2019.11.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7006a4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0000000000000817"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.3474"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/18734"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2015.302925"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M17-1403"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMhpr0706165"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000007687"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2016.06.087"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.09.019"}],"container-title":["Journal of Viral Hepatitis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jvh.13744","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jvh.13744","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jvh.13744","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,22]],"date-time":"2023-08-22T09:05:28Z","timestamp":1692695128000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jvh.13744"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,11]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jvh.13744"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvh.13744","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1352-0504","1365-2893"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1352-0504","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2893","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-05-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-08-20","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-09-11","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}