{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T19:16:59Z","timestamp":1789586219016,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,7]],"date-time":"2023-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699315200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005564","name":"Gilead Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005564","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Viral Hepatitis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    People in prison are at high risk of HCV given high injecting drug use prevalence. This study evaluated HCV incidence and associated injecting drug use characteristics in prison. The SToP\u2010C study enrolled people incarcerated in four Australian prisons. Participants were tested for HCV at enrolment and then every 3\u20136\u2009months (October\u20102014 to November\u20102019). Participants eligible for this analysis included those at\u2010risk of HCV primary infection (anti\u2010HCV negative) or re\u2010infection (anti\u2010HCV positive, HCV RNA negative) with follow\u2010up assessment. A total of 1643 eligible participants were included in analyses (82% male; median age 33\u2009years; 30% injected drugs in prison; 1818 person\u2010years of follow\u2010up). Overall HCV incidence was 6.11\/100 person\u2010years (95%CI: 5.07\u20137.35), with higher rate of re\u2010infection (9.34\/100 person\u2010years; 95%CI: 7.15\u201312.19) than primary infection (4.60\/100 person\u2010years; 95%CI: 3.56\u20135.96). In total population (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091643), HCV risk was significantly higher among participants injecting drugs in prison [vs. no injecting; adjusted hazard ratio (aHR): 10.55, 95%CI: 5.88\u201318.92), and those who were released and re\u2010incarcerated during follow\u2010up (vs. remained incarcerated; aHR: 1.60, 95%CI: 1.03\u20132.49). Among participants who injected recently (during past month,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009321), HCV risk was reduced among those receiving high\u2010dosage opioid agonist therapy (OAT), i.e. methadone \u226560\u2009mg\/day or buprenorphine \u226516\u2009mg\/day, (vs. no OAT, aHR: 0.11, 95%CI: 0.02\u20130.80) and increased among those sharing needles\/syringes without consistent use of disinfectant to clean injecting equipment (vs. no sharing, HR: 4.60, 95%CI: 1.35\u201315.66). This study demonstrated high HCV transmission risk in prison, particularly among people injecting drugs. High\u2010dosage OAT was protective, but improved OAT coverage and needle\/syringe programmes to reduce sharing injecting equipment are required.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.13895","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,8]],"date-time":"2023-11-08T02:30:13Z","timestamp":1699410613000},"page":"21-34","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Incidence of hepatitis C virus infection in the prison setting: The SToP\u2010C study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2212-2028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Behzad","family":"Hajarizadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Kirby Institute University of New Soth Wales (UNSW)  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8043-0200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanne M.","family":"Carson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Kirby Institute University of New Soth Wales (UNSW)  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianne","family":"Byrne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Kirby Institute University of New Soth Wales (UNSW)  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1833-2017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason","family":"Grebely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Kirby Institute University of New Soth Wales (UNSW)  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8048-3473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evan","family":"Cunningham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Kirby Institute University of New Soth Wales (UNSW)  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2161-9366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janaki","family":"Amin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Macquarie University  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8291-5890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Vickerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Sciences University of Bristol  Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8344-1810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natasha K.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases &amp; Global Public Health University of California San Diego  San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8230-0386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Treloar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Social Research in Health University of New Soth Wales (UNSW)  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9444-0186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marianne","family":"Martinello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Kirby Institute University of New Soth Wales (UNSW)  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6277-8887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew R.","family":"Lloyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Kirby Institute University of New Soth Wales (UNSW)  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4741-2622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory J.","family":"Dore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Kirby Institute University of New Soth Wales (UNSW)  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"the SToP\u2010C study group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(19)30085-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2013.107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","volume-title":"Global Prison Trends 2022","author":"Penal Reform International","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00057-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1078345819837909"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30466-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26387"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-021-00623-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169195"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.12701"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090560"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(21)00077-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","unstructured":"Corrective Services New South Wales.Custodial Operations Policy and Procedures (COPP): 6.4 Opioid substitution treatment.2022https:\/\/correctiveservices.dcj.nsw.gov.au\/csnsw\u2010home\/correctional\u2010centres\/custodial\u2010operations\u2010policy\u2010and\u2010procedures\u2010copp.html(accessed 12 Jan 2023)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","unstructured":"Corrective Services New South Wales.Custodial Operations Policy and Procedures (COPP): 6.5 Infectious and communicable diseases.2022https:\/\/correctiveservices.dcj.nsw.gov.au\/csnsw\u2010home\/correctional\u2010centres\/custodial\u2010operations\u2010policy\u2010and\u2010procedures\u2010copp.html(accessed 12 Jan 2023)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","volume-title":"National Guidelines for Medication\u2010Assisted Treatment of Opioid Dependence","author":"Gowing L","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","volume-title":"Guidelines for the Psychosocially Assisted Pharmacological Treatment of Opioid Dependence","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","volume-title":"Australia's Progress towards Hepatitis C Elimination: Annual Report 2022","author":"Burnet Institute","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16113"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac246"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.11.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15469"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","volume-title":"Access to hepatitis C testing and treatment for people who inject drugs and people in prisons \u2013 a global perspective: policy brief. 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