{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T03:00:51Z","timestamp":1785294051030,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]],"date-time":"2024-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716508800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Viral Hepatitis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hepatitis B virus is a global health concern with a high death rate in Afghanistan. Limited data exist on the disease's impact on quality of life in low\u2010resource settings. This case\u2013control study aims to identify potential risk factors and assess the quality of life among hepatitis B patients in Herat, Afghanistan, with a focus on sex differences. Understanding these factors can inform prevention, care, and sex\u2010specific interventions. A cross\u2010sectional study conducted at Herat Regional Hospital examined hepatitis B patients above 18\u2009years old, between October 2020 and February 2021. The control group consisted of age and sex\u2010matched individuals without a history of hepatitis B. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire covering socio\u2010demographic characteristics, signs and symptoms of hepatitis B, and the SF\u201036 questionnaire for measuring the quality of life of study participants. Statistical analysis was performed using multivariate General Linear Models, and logistic regression. We identified several potential risk factors for hepatitis B infection, including male sex, younger age groups, tobacco use, lower education levels, rural residence, family history, weak social networks, specific family structures and underlying chronic diseases (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.05). The study found that hepatitis B cases had significantly lower mean scores across all SF\u201036 components, indicating an overall reduced quality of life (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.05). These differences were more pronounced in males, although females had lower scores in most components. Role limitations due to physical and emotional health were particularly affected. These findings highlight the urgent need for targeted interventions, sex\u2010specific strategies, improved healthcare access and comprehensive policies. These findings can inform prevention efforts to improve the overall quality of life of people with hepatitis B in Afghanistan.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.13961","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]],"date-time":"2024-05-24T13:43:43Z","timestamp":1716558223000},"page":"511-523","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Factors affecting quality of life in hepatitis B patients in Herat, Afghanistan: A case\u2013control study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8857-7765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nasar Ahmad","family":"Shayan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry Western University  London Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine Herat University  Herat Afghanistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5821-9177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Rahimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Curative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Jami University  Herat Afghanistan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Herat University  Herat Afghanistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saverio","family":"Stranges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine Herat University  Herat Afghanistan"},{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry Western University  London Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry Western University  London Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery University of Naples Federico II  Naples Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amardeep","family":"Thind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine Herat University  Herat Afghanistan"},{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry Western University  London Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","unstructured":"WHO.Hepatitis B.2024Published July 18 2023. Accessed April 9 2024.https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\u2010room\/fact\u2010sheets\/detail\/hepatitis\u2010b"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","unstructured":"World Health Rankings.HBV in Afghanistan. World Life Expectancy.2023Accessed March 27 2023.https:\/\/www.worldlifeexpectancy.com\/afghanistan\u2010hepatitis\u2010b"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Introduction of Hepatitis B vaccine.2022.https:\/\/immunizationdata.who.int\/pages\/vaccine\u2010intro\u2010by\u2010antigen\/hepb.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Vaccination schedule for Afghanistan. Published 2022.https:\/\/immunizationdata.who.int\/pages\/schedule\u2010by\u2010country\/afg.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-8-216"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JBM.S344180"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","unstructured":"MoPH.Integrated Behavioral & Biological Surveillance (IBBS) in Afghanistan.2012."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4178\/epih\/e2015002"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","unstructured":"UNESCO.Protecting education in Afghanistan.2023Published onlinehttps:\/\/www.unesco.org\/en\/emergencies\/education\/afghanistan"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","unstructured":"UIL.Enhancement of Literacy in Afghanistan.2023Published online. Accessedhttps:\/\/uil.unesco.org\/case\u2010study\/effective\u2010practices\u2010database\u2010litbase\u20100\/enhancement\u2010literacy\u2010afghanistan\u2010afghanistan"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","unstructured":"National AIDS Control Program.Understanding HIV in Afghanistan. Published online 2008. Accessed April 2 2022.https:\/\/www.aidsdatahub.org\/sites\/default\/files\/resource\/understanding\u2010hiv\u2010afghanistan\u20102008.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200304010-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-8-119"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22138"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4733.2007.00297.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199206000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26719\/emhj.20.064"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0272920"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_9_22"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.13816"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_14_22_1","first-page":"598","article-title":"Gender disparity in infections of hepatitis B virus","volume":"19","author":"Baig S","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Coll Physicians Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_14_23_1","first-page":"189","article-title":"Epidemiology of hepatitis B in Iran from 2000 to 2016: a systematic review and Meta\u2010regression analysis","volume":"23","author":"Rezaei N","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Iran Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15342\/ijms.2021.400"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/hepatmon.101012"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02302"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1367493519831499"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.0253-9624.2017.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471\u20102458\u201010\u2010657"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_30_1","unstructured":"HaiderG.The relationship between risky behavior and HIV and hepatitis c virus infection in Afghanistan.2016Accessed May 26 2023.https:\/\/www.semanticscholar.org\/paper\/THE\u2010RELATIONSHIP\u2010BETWEEN\u2010RISKY\u2010BEHAVIOR\u2010AND\u2010HIV\u2010AND\u2010Haider\/dc7bd95eb9e1b8b316e762a72580875214b1e2fe"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13011-023-00517-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22122\/AHJ.2022.195606.1223"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/inthealth\/ihaa010"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_34_1","unstructured":"Country Economy.Afghanistan\u2010Literacy rate 2018.2018Accessedhttps:\/\/countryeconomy.com\/demography\/literacy\u2010rate\/afghanistan"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20054142"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2005.15"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.21-0448"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_38_1","unstructured":"ISSUP.Afghanistan National Drug Use Survey 2015. Published online.2016Accessedhttps:\/\/www.issup.net\/knowledge\u2010share\/publications\/2016\u201010\/afghanistan\u2010national\u2010drug\u2010use\u2010survey\u20102015"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.37905\/ijhsmr.v1i2.13802"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29313\/gmhc.v7i2.4149"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_14_41_1","first-page":"S149","article-title":"Risk factors of transmission and natural history of chronic hepatitis B infection in Iranian patients","volume":"12","author":"Sharifian A","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11020225"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/1910292"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26719\/2014.20.12.796"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30307-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-3-81"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-963102"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-0907-131"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2007.01558.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.2012.397"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-7-52"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-019-0526-8"}],"container-title":["Journal of Viral Hepatitis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jvh.13961","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,21]],"date-time":"2024-08-21T22:50:14Z","timestamp":1724280614000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jvh.13961"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jvh.13961"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvh.13961","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1352-0504","1365-2893"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1352-0504","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2893","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-01-27","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-05-13","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-05-24","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}