{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T11:19:25Z","timestamp":1788175165053,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006483","name":"AbbVie","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006483","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Viral Hepatitis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Data on the hepatitis C virus (HCV) care cascade are crucial for determining if the United States (U.S.) is on track to meet 2016 World Health Organization elimination goals. De\u2010identified data were analysed from persons who were screened for HCV antibody and\/or tested for HCV RNA by two large U.S. commercial laboratories from 1\/1\/2014 to 12\/31\/2021. Validated imputation algorithms were used to identify persons who initiated treatment and who achieved virological cure based on viral load decline and continued negative HCV RNA test results. The 3\u2010digit ZIP code was used to map treatment rates by U.S. state. During 1\/1\/2014 to 12\/31\/2021, a total of 46,646,661 persons were tested for HCV antibody of whom 2,253,500 (4.8%) were positive. Among 3,117,372 persons tested for HCV RNA, 1,951,742 (62.6%) were viremic. Cumulatively, a total of 672,745\/1,951,742 (34.5%) viremic persons were treated; an estimated 643,043 (96%) were cured. Treatment rates increased with older age, higher fibrosis scores, HIV positivity, residing in an urban area and in the Northeast. Persons diagnosed by reflex testing had higher treatment rates. Comparing COVID\u201019 pandemic (2021) to pre\u2010pandemic (2019) periods, 24% more HCV antibody tests were performed (10,167,524 vs. 7,727,318), but fewer persons were treated (21,136 vs. 26,124, 23% decline) and cured (19,584 vs. 24,480, 25.0% decline) in 2021, respectively. In 2021, primary care providers diagnosed and treated the greatest proportion of persons. Treatment uptake across the U.S. remains low, underscoring the need for additional measures to expand access to testing and treatment, necessary to reach the U.S. goals for HCV elimination by 2030.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.70087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T10:06:02Z","timestamp":1759140362000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["<scp>HCV<\/scp>\n                    Testing and Treatment of Adults in the United States: 2014 Through 2021\u2014Data From Two National Commercial Testing Laboratories"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Marc G.","family":"Ghany","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Hepatology Research Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institute of Health  Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John W.","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coalition for Global Hepatitis Elimination, the Task Force for Global Health  Decatur Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zachary","family":"Baldwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AbbVie Inc  North Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiyin","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AbbVie Inc  North Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nidhi","family":"Shukla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AbbVie Inc  North Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arina","family":"Kuznetsova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AbbVie Inc  North Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jatinder","family":"Kaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AbbVie Inc  North Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine J.","family":"Kosch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AbbVie Inc  North Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy R.","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Section, VA Long Beach Healthcare System  Long Beach California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","unstructured":"WHO (accessed January 19th 2025) https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\u2010room\/fact\u2010sheets\/detail\/hepatitis\u2010c."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468\u20101253(21)00472\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000927"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","volume-title":"Guidance for Country Validation of Viral Hepatitis Elimination and Path to Elimination: Technical Report","author":"WHO","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","unstructured":"USDoHaHS \u201cViral Hepatitis National Strategic Plan for the United States: A Roadmap to Elimination (2021\u20132025) \u201d(accessed January 19th 2025) (2020) https:\/\/wwwhhsgov\/sites\/default\/files\/Viral\u2010Hepatitis\u2010National\u2010Strategic\u2010Plan\u20102021\u20102025pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.rr6902a1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003\u20104819\u2010159\u20105\u2010201309030\u201000672"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7226a3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325\u2010018\u20100721\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325\u2010021\u201001928\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21178"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","article-title":"NCHS Urban\u2013Rural classification scheme for counties. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health","volume":"2","author":"Ingram D. D.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vital and Health Statistics"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7321a4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15245"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7132e1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913\u2010021\u201007312\u20104"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","article-title":"A 2024 Global Report on National Policies, Programs and Progress Towards Hepatitis C Elimination: Findings From 33 Hepatitis Elimination Profiles","volume":"10","author":"Hiebert\u2010Suwondo L. M. J. T. 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