{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T12:41:17Z","timestamp":1792500077837,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Collaborative Research Center 900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Collaborative Research Center 900"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003042","name":"Else Kr\u00f6ner-Fresenius-Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DigiStrucMed 2020_EKPK.20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DigiStrucMed 2020_EKPK.20"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003042","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Viral Hepatitis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) virus coinfection is linked to a higher risk of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) compared to monoinfection. Despite this, data are limited, and further investigation is needed to understand the underlying mechanisms. While patients are classified based on dominance patterns, the impact on the immune system remains largely unknown. It is recognised that HBV reactivation may occur following HCV clearance. This study aims to explore the potential immune interactivity between HCV and HBV by analysing patterns of soluble immune mediators (SIM). A total of 58 soluble immune mediators were measured in serum or plasma samples of 49 patients chronically infected with hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus in a cross\u2010sectional study design. Patients were classified based on dominance patterns: HBV dominance (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20098), HCV dominance (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200922), HBV and HCV codominance (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200911) and no dominance (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20098). SIM expression was distinct based on different dominance patterns. HBV activity induced higher SIM expression and altered the soluble inflammatory milieu (22 SIM altered,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Altered pathways included JAK\u2013STAT pathway (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091.36\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>\u221220<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), IL\u201017 signalling (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20092.47\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>\u221213<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) and Th17 cell differentiation (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091.69\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>\u22129<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). CCL27\/CTACK (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009\u22120.69,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20097.02\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>\u22126<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) and SDF\u20101alpha (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009\u22120.55,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.002) correlated inversely with HCV\u2010RNA. Serologically classifying dominance patterns in HBV and HCV coinfection may manifest in a distinct soluble inflammatory milieu. Elevated HBV activity correlates with an increased expression of soluble immune mediators, particularly influencing the alteration of key signalling pathways such as JAK\u2013STAT and the Th17\/IL\u201017 axis. These changes have a potential role in the development of liver fibrosis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.70092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T19:26:03Z","timestamp":1760556363000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["<scp>HBV<\/scp>\n                    Dominance Is Associated With a Distinct Inflammatory Milieu in\n                    <scp>HBV<\/scp>\n                    \/\n                    <scp>HCV<\/scp>\n                    Coinfection"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1517-9854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Oltmanns","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectious Diseases and Endocrinology Hannover Medical School (MHH)  Hannover Germany"},{"name":"Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CiiM), a Joint Venture Between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and Hannover Medical School (MHH)  Hannover Germany"},{"name":"TWINCORE, a Joint Venture Between the Helmholtz\u2010Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and the Hannover Medical School (MHH)  Hannover Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moana","family":"Witte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectious Diseases and Endocrinology Hannover Medical School (MHH)  Hannover Germany"},{"name":"Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CiiM), a Joint Venture Between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and Hannover Medical School (MHH)  Hannover Germany"},{"name":"TWINCORE, a Joint Venture Between the Helmholtz\u2010Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and the Hannover Medical School (MHH)  Hannover Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anika","family":"Wranke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectious Diseases and Endocrinology Hannover Medical School (MHH)  Hannover Germany"},{"name":"German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover\u2010Braunschweig  Germany"},{"name":"HepNet Study\u2010House\/German Liver Foundation  Hannover Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katja","family":"Deterding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectious Diseases and Endocrinology Hannover Medical School (MHH)  Hannover Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2906-0480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heiner","family":"Wedemeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectious Diseases and Endocrinology Hannover Medical School (MHH)  Hannover Germany"},{"name":"German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover\u2010Braunschweig  Germany"},{"name":"Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School  Hannover Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine S.","family":"Falk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover\u2010Braunschweig  Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Transplant Immunology Hannover Medical School  Hannover Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anke R. M.","family":"Kraft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectious Diseases and Endocrinology Hannover Medical School (MHH)  Hannover Germany"},{"name":"Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CiiM), a Joint Venture Between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and Hannover Medical School (MHH)  Hannover Germany"},{"name":"TWINCORE, a Joint Venture Between the Helmholtz\u2010Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and the Hannover Medical School (MHH)  Hannover Germany"},{"name":"German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover\u2010Braunschweig  Germany"},{"name":"Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School  Hannover Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steffen B.","family":"Wiegand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine Hannover Medical School  Hannover Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9141-8001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus","family":"Cornberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectious Diseases and Endocrinology Hannover Medical School (MHH)  Hannover Germany"},{"name":"Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CiiM), a Joint Venture Between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and Hannover Medical School (MHH)  Hannover Germany"},{"name":"TWINCORE, a Joint Venture Between the Helmholtz\u2010Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and the Hannover Medical School (MHH)  Hannover Germany"},{"name":"German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover\u2010Braunschweig  Germany"},{"name":"Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School  Hannover Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30925-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","unstructured":"United Nations General Assembly \u201cResolution 70\/1. 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