{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T17:05:13Z","timestamp":1785431113055,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784160000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002999","name":"Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002999","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Viral Hepatitis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV), and HIV remain public health challenges despite effective treatments and preventive options. Infections are often asymptomatic, leading to undiagnosed cases, onward transmission, and preventable morbidity and mortality. In the Netherlands, disease burden is concentrated in specific populations, with many undetected infections. We estimated HBV, HCV, and HIV seroprevalence, identified determinants, and assessed trends over 20\u2009years using data from 14,444 participants aged 15\u201379\u2009years from three nationwide cross\u2010sectional serosurveys (PIENTER: 1995\u20131996, 2006\u20132007, and 2016\u20132017). Participants completed questionnaires on demographics, behaviour, and socio\u2010economic factors, and serum samples were tested for HBV and HCV in all rounds and HIV in 2017. Seroprevalence estimates were weighted to the Dutch population, trends were analysed using weighted Poisson regression, and determinants were evaluated using multivariable Poisson regression. Weighted HBV seroprevalence remained stable across surveys (3%\u20135% past or present infection; &lt;\u20090.4% active infection). HBV prevalence was highest among first\u2010generation migrants, with older age, migration background, and STI history as key determinants. HCV seroprevalence remained low (&lt;\u20090.4%) and was highest among non\u2010Western migrants. HIV prevalence was 0.1% and highest among non\u2010Western migrants and men who have sex with men. Only 9% of active HBV cases were aware of their status. Overall, HBV, HCV, and HIV seroprevalence remain low in the Netherlands but are concentrated in specific groups with limited awareness. These findings support targeted prevention, screening, and linkage\u2010to\u2010care strategies to achieve the 2030 WHO elimination goals and highlight the importance of continued population\u2010based (sero\u2010)monitoring to guide public health policy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.70213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T04:18:04Z","timestamp":1784261884000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Trends in Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and\n                    <scp>HIV<\/scp>\n                    Seroprevalence in the Netherlands: Insights From Two Decades of Nationwide\n                    <scp>PIENTER<\/scp>\n                    Serosurveys"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7506-2136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine G. J. I.","family":"van Straten","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) Centre for Infectious Disease Control  Bilthoven the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Amsterdam Institute for Immunology &amp; Infectious Diseases Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Birgit H. B.","family":"van Benthem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) Centre for Infectious Disease Control  Bilthoven the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6759-3539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fiona R. M.","family":"van der Klis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) Centre for Infectious Disease Control  Bilthoven the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaby","family":"Smits","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) Centre for Infectious Disease Control  Bilthoven the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9124-5836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric R. A.","family":"Vos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) Centre for Infectious Disease Control  Bilthoven the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Woudenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) Centre for Infectious Disease Control  Bilthoven the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8290-6425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"van der Valk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Amsterdam Institute for Immunology &amp; Infectious Diseases Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Stichting Hiv Monitoring  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eline L. M.","family":"Op de Coul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) Centre for Infectious Disease Control  Bilthoven the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.54394\/CJQU6666"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","unstructured":"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS \u201cGlobal HIV & AIDS Statistics \u2010 Fact Sheet \u201d(2025) https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/resources\/fact\u2010sheet."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","volume-title":"HIV Statistics, Globally and by WHO Region, 2025","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25050"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","volume-title":"Global Health Sector Strategy on Viral Hepatitis 2016\u20132021: Towards Ending Viral Hepatitis","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0272405"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","unstructured":"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS \u201cUnderstanding Measures of Progress Towards the 95\u201395\u201395 HIV Testing Treatment and Viral Suppression targets \u201d(2024) https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/resources\/documents\/2024\/progress\u2010towards\u201095\u201095\u201095."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","volume-title":"HIV Monitoring Report 2023: Monitoring of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection in The Netherlands","author":"AMsterdam T. 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