{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T00:12:03Z","timestamp":1771632723699,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,1]],"date-time":"2013-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1367366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Swedish Foundation for Equine Research"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001862","name":"Formas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001862","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Strangles is a contagious equine-specific disease caused by Streptococcus equi subsp. equi. Unfortunately, detection of S. equi can fail in up to 40% of horses with strangles. Whereas recent molecular biologic methods and sampling techniques have improved recovery of S. equi optimal sampling methods and laboratory analyses remain ill-defined.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine the yield of S. equi from horses with acute strangles in confirmed outbreaks by field-sampling methods subjected to culture and biochemical identification, and real-time PCR directly and after culture.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fifty-seven horses of varying breeds and ages from 8 strangles outbreaks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prospective study. Culture with biochemical identification and real-time PCR directly, and from culture, were performed on nasal swabs, nasopharyngeal swabs, and nasopharyngeal lavages.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Real-time PCR directly from samples identified the highest number of infected horses, with 45\/57 nasal swabs, 41\/57 nasopharyngeal swabs, and 48\/57 nasopharyngeal lavages S. equi positive. Biochemical identification (highest positives 22\/57) was inferior to real-time PCR for S. equi recovery regardless of sampling method. Real-time PCR of nasopharyngeal lavage directly and after culture yielded 52\/57 positives whereas direct real-time PCR of nasopharyngeal lavage combined with either nasopharyngeal swabs or nasal swabs yielded 53\/57 positives. Three horses were negative on all samples.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nasopharyngeal lavage analyzed by a combination of real-time PCR directly and after culture or, alternatively, real-time PCR directly on a nasopharyngeal lavage and a nasal\/nasopharyngeal swab can identify S. equi in over 90% of acute strangles cases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,25]],"date-time":"2013-03-25T15:44:48Z","timestamp":1364226288000},"page":"542-547","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Comparison of Sampling Sites and Laboratory Diagnostic Tests for\n                    <i>S. equi<\/i>\n                    subsp.\n                    <i>equi<\/i>\n                    in Horses from Confirmed Strangles Outbreaks"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"S.","family":"Lindahl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Bacteriology, National Veterinary Institute , Uppsala,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Department of Clinical Sciences, , Uppsala,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"B\u00e5verud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Bacteriology, National Veterinary Institute , Uppsala,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Egenvall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Department of Clinical Sciences, , 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