{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T06:28:12Z","timestamp":1787639292976,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,1]],"date-time":"2013-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1367366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The quantitative effect of strong electrolytes, pCO2, and plasma protein concentration in determining plasma pH and bicarbonate concentrations can be demonstrated with the physicochemical approach. Plasma anion gap (AG) and strong ion gap (SIG) are used to assess the presence or absence of unmeasured anions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypotheses<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The physicochemical approach is useful for detection and explanation of acid-base disorders in horses with colitis. AG and SIG accurately predict hyperlactatemia in horses with colitis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fifty-four horses with acute colitis and diarrhea.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective study. Physicochemical variables were calculated for each patient. ROC curves were generated to analyze sensitivity and specificity of AG and SIG for predicting hyperlactatemia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Physicochemical interpretation of acid-base events indicated that strong ion metabolic acidosis was present in 39 (72%) horses. Mixed strong ion acidosis and decreased weak acid (hypoproteinemia) alkalosis was concomitantly present in 17 (30%) patients. The sensitivity and specificity of AG and SIG to predict hyperlactatemia (L-lactate &amp;gt; 5 mEq\/L) were 100% (95% CI, 66.4\u2013100; P &amp;lt; .0001) and 84.4% (95% CI, 70.5\u201393.5 P &amp;lt; .0001). Area under the ROC curve for AG and SIG for predicting hyperlactatemia was 0.95 (95% CI, 0.86\u20130.99) and 0.93 (95% CI, 0.83\u20130.99), respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion and Clinical relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results emphasize the importance of strong ions and proteins in the maintenance of the acid-base equilibria. AG and SIG were considered good predictors of clinically relevant hyperlactatemia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,3]],"date-time":"2013-04-03T16:33:12Z","timestamp":1365006792000},"page":"548-553","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Physicochemical Interpretation of Acid-Base Abnormalities in 54 Adult Horses with Acute Severe Colitis and Diarrhea"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"D.E.","family":"Gomez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph Department of Clinical Studies, , Guelph, ON,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.G.","family":"Arroyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph Department of Clinical Studies, , Guelph, ON,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.R.","family":"St\u00e4mpfli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph Department of Clinical Studies, , Guelph, ON,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.E.","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia , Bogot\u00e1,","place":["Colombia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"O.J.","family":"Oliver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia , Bogot\u00e1,","place":["Colombia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020304262375600_jvim12071-bib-0001","first-page":"112","article-title":"Die Berechnung der Wassersroffzahl des Blutes ous der freien und gebunden Kohlensaure desselben, und die Sauerstoffbindung des Blutes als Funktion der Wasserstoffzahl","volume":"78","author":"Hasselbalch","year":"1917","journal-title":"Biochem Z"},{"key":"2026020304262375600_jvim12071-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1139\/y83-207","article-title":"Modern quantitative acid-base chemistry","volume":"61","author":"Stewart","year":"1983","journal-title":"Can J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026020304262375600_jvim12071-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1997.83.1.297","article-title":"A simplified strong ion model for acid-base equilibria: Application to horse plasma","volume":"83","author":"Constable","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2026020304262375600_jvim12071-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-165X.2000.tb00241.x","article-title":"Clinical assessment of acid-base status: Comparison of the Henderson-Hasselbalch and strong ion approaches","volume":"29","author":"Constable","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet Clin Pathol"},{"key":"2026020304262375600_jvim12071-bib-0005","volume-title":"How to use the routine serum biochemical profile to understand and interpret acid-base disorders in the horse. 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