{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T22:24:54Z","timestamp":1770157494440,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,1]],"date-time":"2013-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1372636800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Food and Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine (FDA\/CVM) cited concern regarding failure of heartworm prophylaxis. The positive and negative predictive value of the heartworm antigen test is an estimate of the probability of adult heartworm infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis\/Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Assess the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of heartworm antigen tests. Explore the role of heartworm test accuracy and treatment with immiticide to generate reports of suspected failure of heartworm prophylaxis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Literature searches for published information on the accuracy of heartworm antigen tests and efficacy of immiticide for treatment of the adult heartworm.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Weighted averages for heartworm antigen test sensitivity and specificity were 78.2 and 97.3%, respectively. Efficacy of immiticide by 2-injection or alternate dose protocols were 88.3 and 89.1%, respectively. Depending on prevalence, the positive predictive value of the heartworm antigen test ranged from 15 to 54% and negative predictive value from 99 to 99.9%. For a hospital testing 1,000 dogs per year, false-positive test results may vary from 24 to 27 dogs. If these dogs were on heartworm preventive, they may undergo treatment and be classified as prophylaxis failures. Ten percent of dogs who were treated and continued or placed on prophylaxis at the time of treatment may have adult heartworms when tested 1 year later and be presumed to represent failure of prophylaxis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>When interpreting heartworm antigen test results, clinical signs, history, and regional prevalence of heartworm disease should be considered in estimating the predictive value of the test result. Limitations of test and treatment should be discussed with clients as part of the decision-making process.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,10]],"date-time":"2013-05-10T08:56:25Z","timestamp":1368176185000},"page":"791-797","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Effects of Diagnostic Test Accuracy and Treatment Efficacy on the Occurrence of Suspected Failure of Heartworm Prophylaxis in Dogs"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"B.W.","family":"Rohrbach","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, , Knoxville, TN"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Patton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, , Knoxville, TN"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020304264995000_jvim12092-bib-0001","volume-title":"An epidemiological analysis of heartworm preventives","author":"Glickman","year":"2007"},{"key":"2026020304264995000_jvim12092-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.093","article-title":"Prevalence and geographic distribution of Dirofilaria immitis, Borrelia burgdorferi, Ehrlichia canis, and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in dogs in the United States: Results of a national clinic-based serologic survey","volume":"160","author":"Bowman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"2026020304264995000_jvim12092-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.01.023","article-title":"Genetic polymorphism in Dirofilaria immitis","volume":"176","author":"Bourguinat","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"2026020304264995000_jvim12092-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.12.049","article-title":"Comparative efficacy of four commercially available heartworm preventive products against the MP3 laboratory strain of Dirofilaria immitis","volume":"176","author":"Blagburn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"2026020304264995000_jvim12092-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2010.0657.x","article-title":"Ivermectin and milbemycin oxime in experimental adult heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infection of dogs","volume":"25","author":"Snyder","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020304264995000_jvim12092-bib-0006","volume-title":"Companion animal parasite council website","author":"Pets and Parasites"},{"key":"2026020304264995000_jvim12092-bib-0007","first-page":"105","article-title":"American Heartworm Society canine heartworm infection (Dirofilaria immitis) survey","volume-title":"Proceedings. 52nd Annual Meeting American Association of Veterinary Parasitologists","author":"Guerrero","year":"2007"},{"key":"2026020304264995000_jvim12092-bib-0008","first-page":"1164","article-title":"Canine and feline heartworm disease: What you need to know. 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