{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T22:44:48Z","timestamp":1791499488506,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":135,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,1]],"date-time":"2013-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1383264000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Equine piroplasmosis is caused by one of 2 erythrocytic parasites Babesia caballi or Theileria equi. Although the genus of the latter remains controversial, the most recent designation, Theileria, is utilized in this review. Shared pathogenesis includes tick-borne transmission and erythrolysis leading to anemia as the primary clinical outcome. Although both parasites are able to persist indefinitely in their equid hosts, thus far, only B. caballi transmits across tick generations. Pathogenesis further diverges after transmission to equids in that B. caballi immediately infects erythrocytes, whereas T. equi infects peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The recent re-emergence of T. equi in the United States has increased awareness of these tick-borne pathogens, especially in terms of diagnosis and control. This review focuses in part on factors leading to the re-emergence of infection and disease of these globally important pathogens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12168","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,28]],"date-time":"2013-08-28T16:22:34Z","timestamp":1377706954000},"page":"1334-1346","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":243,"title":["Review of Equine Piroplasmosis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"L.N.","family":"Wise","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington State University Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, , Pullman, WA"},{"name":"Agricultural Research Service Animal Disease Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, , Pullman, WA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.S.","family":"Kappmeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Research Service Animal Disease Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, , Pullman, WA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.H.","family":"Mealey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington State University Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, , Pullman, WA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.P.","family":"Knowles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington State University Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, , Pullman, WA"},{"name":"Agricultural Research Service Animal Disease Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, , Pullman, WA"},{"name":"OIE Reference Laboratory for Equine Piroplasmosis , Pullman, WA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.9.4.535","article-title":"Haemoparasites of equines: Impact on international trade of horses","volume":"9","author":"Friedhoff","year":"1990","journal-title":"Rev Sci Tech"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0002","first-page":"197","volume-title":"Babesiosis of Domestic Animals and Man","author":"Schein","year":"1988"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-1935(92)90061-5","article-title":"Equine piroplasmosis: A review","volume":"148","author":"de Waal","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br Vet J"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0004","first-page":"699","article-title":"Equine piroplasmosis\u2014Another emerging disease","volume":"141","author":"Maurer","year":"1962","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.15.3.972","article-title":"An account on equine babesioses","volume":"15","author":"Friedhoff","year":"1996","journal-title":"Rev Sci Tech"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2011.12.014","article-title":"Prevalence of the causative agents of equine piroplasmosis in the South West of The Netherlands and the identification of two autochthonous clinical Theileria equi infections","volume":"193","author":"Butler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e44713","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0044713","article-title":"Re-emergence of the apicomplexan Theileria equi in the United States: Elimination of persistent infection and transmission risk","volume":"7","author":"Ueti","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0008","volume-title":"World Animal Health Information Database (WAHID)","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1710.101182","article-title":"Equine piroplasmosis associated with Amblyomma cajennense ticks, Texas, USA","volume":"17","author":"Scoles","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-13-603","article-title":"Comparative genomic analysis and phylogenetic position of Theileria equi","volume":"13","author":"Kappmeyer","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/s004360050431","article-title":"Redescription of Babesia equi Laveran, 1901 as Theileria equi Mehlhorn, Schein 1998","volume":"84","author":"Mehlhorn","year":"1998","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0012","first-page":"2","article-title":"Contribution \u00e0 l'\u00e9tude du Piroplasma equi","volume":"53","author":"Laveran","year":"1901","journal-title":"CR Seances Soc Biol Paris"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02141824","article-title":"Beitra\u00c8 ge zur entwicklungsgeschichte der piroplasmen","volume":"54","author":"Koch","year":"1906","journal-title":"Z Hyg Infektionskrankh"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0014","first-page":"2","article-title":"Die parasiten der pferdepiroplasmose response der biliary fever","volume":"1","author":"Nuttal","year":"1910","journal-title":"Zentralbl Bakteriol"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2007.05.017","article-title":"Molecular evidence for transplacental transmission of Theileria equi from carrier mares to their apparently healthy foals","volume":"148","author":"Allsopp","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1373.076","article-title":"Molecular sequence evidence for the reclassification of some Babesia species","volume":"1081","author":"Allsopp","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000068232","article-title":"Phylogeny and evolution of the piroplasms","volume":"108","author":"Allsopp","year":"1994","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.01.035","article-title":"Babesia\u2014A historical overview","volume":"138","author":"Uilenberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0019","first-page":"454","article-title":"Ticks as vectors of equine piroplasmosis","volume":"155","author":"Thompson","year":"1969","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3525","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00251-08","article-title":"Persistently infected horses are reservoirs for intrastadial tick-borne transmission of the apicomplexan parasite Babesia equi","volume":"76","author":"Ueti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/45.6.1152","article-title":"Transmission of Babesia caballi by Dermacentor nitens (Acari: Ixodidae) is restricted to one generation in the absence of alimentary reinfection on a susceptible equine host","volume":"45","author":"Schwint","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-39.4.667","article-title":"Dermacentor variabilis and Boophilus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae): Experimental vectors of Babesia equi to equids","volume":"39","author":"Stiller","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1968.tb02143.x","article-title":"Observations on the development of Babesia caballi (Nuttall) in the tropical horse tick Dermacentor nitens Neumann","volume":"15","author":"Holbrook","year":"1968","journal-title":"J Protozool"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0024","first-page":"768","article-title":"Transmission of equine piroplasmosis by Dermacentor nitens Neumann","volume":"142","author":"Roby","year":"1963","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0025","volume-title":"Equine piroplasmosis domestic pathways assessment 2011: Pathways assessment for the spread of the causative agents of equine piroplasmosis from the movement of a horse from a quarantined premises within the contiguous United States","author":"United States Department of Agriculture APHIS National Center for Risk Analysis","year":"2011"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0026","first-page":"629","article-title":"Piroplasmose vraie du cheval (P. caballi) dans le sudest","volume":"107","author":"Basset","year":"1931","journal-title":"Comp Rend Soc Biol"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3122","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.30.12.3122-3126.1992","article-title":"Antibody to a recombinant merozoite protein epitope identifies horses infected with Babesia equi","volume":"30","author":"Knowles","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0028","volume-title":"Biology of Ticks","author":"Sonenshine","year":"1991"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.09.015","article-title":"A serological study of Babesia caballi and Theileria equi in Thoroughbreds in Trinidad","volume":"144","author":"Asgarali","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(03)00129-8","article-title":"A field evaluation of PCR for the routine detection of Babesia equi in horses","volume":"114","author":"Rampersad","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.4102\/jsava.v80i3.196","article-title":"After-hours equine emergency admissions at a university referral hospital (1998\u20132007): Causes and interventions","volume":"80","author":"Viljoen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J S Afr Vet Assoc"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0032","first-page":"425","volume-title":"Infectious Diseases of Livestock","author":"de Waal","year":"2004","edition":"2nd ed"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.65.1015","article-title":"Seroepidemiologic studies on Babesia equi and Babesia caballi infections in horses in Jilin province of China","volume":"65","author":"Xu","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(02)00193-0","article-title":"Diagnosis of equine piroplasmosis in Xinjiang province of China by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays using recombinant antigens","volume":"108","author":"Xuan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-3064.1","article-title":"Prevalence of antibodies to Theileria equi and Babesia caballi in horses from northeastern Mexico","volume":"98","author":"Cantu-Martinez","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0036","volume-title":"Website","author":"World Organization of Animal Health (OIE)","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.240.5.588","article-title":"Outbreak of equine piroplasmosis in Florida","volume":"240","author":"Short","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0038","first-page":"1034","article-title":"Control of equine piroplasmosis in Florida","volume":"154","author":"Bryant","year":"1969","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0039","first-page":"915","article-title":"Equine piroplasmosis in the United States\u2014A review","volume":"155","author":"Taylor","year":"1969","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3755","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.8.3755-3759.2005","article-title":"Ability of the vector tick Boophilus microplus to acquire and transmit Babesia equi following feeding on chronically infected horses with low-level parasitemia","volume":"43","author":"Ueti","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0041","first-page":"99","article-title":"The transovarial transmission of Babesia caballi by Hyalomma truncatum","volume":"57","author":"De Waal","year":"1990","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.76.694","article-title":"Molecular evidence of Babesia equi transmission in Haemaphysalis longicornis","volume":"76","author":"Ikadai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1983.tb02907.x","article-title":"Ultrastructural study on the development of Babesia equi (Coccidia: Piroplasmia) in the salivary glands of its vector ticks","volume":"30","author":"Moltmann","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Protozool"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1179\/000349804225003316","article-title":"The distribution and ecological \u2018preferences\u2019 of the tick Amblyomma cajennense (Acari: Ixodidae), an ectoparasite of humans and other mammals in the Americas","volume":"98","author":"Estrada-Pena","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0045","first-page":"223","article-title":"Babesia equi (Laveran 1901) 1. Development in horses and in lymphocyte culture","volume":"32","author":"Schein","year":"1981","journal-title":"Tropenmed Parasitol"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.2307\/3281285","article-title":"Fine structure of Babesia equi Laveran, 1901 within lymphocytes and erythrocytes of horses: An in vivo and in vitro study","volume":"69","author":"Moltmann","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02351869","article-title":"The development of Babesia (Theileria) equi (Laveran, 1901) in the gut and the haemolymph of the vector ticks. Hyalomma species","volume":"80","author":"Zapf","year":"1994","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s004360050404","article-title":"Ultrastructure of sporogony in Babesia equi in salivary glands of adult female Boophilus microplus ticks","volume":"84","author":"Guimaraes","year":"1998","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0049","first-page":"100","article-title":"The mechanical transmission of Babesia equi infection in a British herd of horses","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Equine Infectious Diseases","author":"Gerstenberg","year":"1998"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1980.41.02.267","article-title":"Ultrastructure of Babesia equi in ponies treated with imidocarb","volume":"41","author":"Simpson","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1986.47.08.1668","article-title":"Experimental Babesia equi infection in mature horses","volume":"47","author":"Kuttler","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(75)90053-3","article-title":"Experimental acute Babesia caballi infections. I. Red blood cell dynamics","volume":"37","author":"Allen","year":"1975","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(99)00110-7","article-title":"Erythrocyte associated haemato-biochemical changes in Babesia equi infection experimentally produced in donkeys","volume":"85","author":"Ambawat","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0054","first-page":"561","article-title":"An investigation into the clinical pathological changes and serological response in horses experimentally infected with Babesia equi and Babesia caballi","volume":"54","author":"de Waal","year":"1987","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(75)90006-5","article-title":"Experimental acute Babesia caballi infections. II. Response of platelets and fibrinogen","volume":"37","author":"Allen","year":"1975","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0056","first-page":"333","volume-title":"Infectious Diseases of the Horse","author":"Donnellan","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.10.019","article-title":"A case of transplacental transmission of Theileria equi in a foal in Trinidad","volume":"175","author":"Georges","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-011-0072-1","article-title":"Transplacental transmission of Babesia equi (Theileria equi) from carrier mares to foals","volume":"36","author":"Chhabra","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Parasit Dis"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.154.13.406","article-title":"Transplacental transmission of Theileria equi in two foals born and reared in the United Kingdom","volume":"154","author":"Phipps","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.4102\/jsava.v70i2.760","article-title":"Could treatment of pregnant mares prevent abortions due to equine piroplasmosis?","volume":"70","author":"Lewis","year":"1999","journal-title":"J S Afr Vet Assoc"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4320(01)00159-2","article-title":"The role of international transport of equine semen on disease transmission","volume":"68","author":"Metcalf","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anim Reprod Sci"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.01.043","article-title":"Molecular detection of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi in the bone marrow of asymptomatic horses","volume":"170","author":"Pitel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0063","first-page":"453","article-title":"Biology of equine piroplasmosis","volume":"155","author":"Holbrook","year":"1969","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2008.03.005","article-title":"Clinical and laboratory findings in equine piroplasmosis","volume":"28","author":"Zobba","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Eq Vet Sci"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2006.04.003","article-title":"Cardiac arrhythmias associated with piroplasmosis in the horse: A case report","volume":"174","author":"Diana","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(96)01100-4","article-title":"Equine babesiosis associated with strenuous exercise: Clinical and pathological studies in Jordan","volume":"69","author":"Hailat","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0067","first-page":"5","article-title":"Acute babesiosis in foals","volume":"8","author":"Al-Saad","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Anim Vet Adv"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0068","first-page":"726","article-title":"A literature review of equine piroplasmosis after an episode of acute babesiosis in a Dutch Standardbred foal after a stay in Normandy","volume":"130","author":"Butler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Tijdschr Diergeneeskd"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0069","first-page":"725","article-title":"Babesiosis in the newborn foal","volume":"23","author":"Erbsloh","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Reprod Fertil Suppl"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0070","first-page":"449","article-title":"Piroplasmosis in foal at birth","volume":"59","author":"Purchase","year":"1947","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0071","first-page":"428","article-title":"Babesiosis in a foal","volume":"139","author":"Silvey","year":"1996","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1956.tb36607.x","article-title":"Classification, transmission, and biology of piroplasms of domestic animals","volume":"64","author":"Neitz","year":"1956","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0073","volume-title":"Equine piroplasmosis","author":"United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Inspection Service","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2006.tb00722.x","article-title":"Red maple (Acer rubrum) leaf toxicosis in horses: A retrospective study of 32 cases","volume":"20","author":"Alward","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-005-5691-z","article-title":"Theileria (Babesia) equi and Babesia caballi infections in horses in Galicia, Spain","volume":"37","author":"Camacho","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-1935(17)35194-1","article-title":"Equine piroplasmosis: Leukocytic response to Babesia equi (Laveran, 1901) infection in Chile","volume":"131","author":"Rudolph","year":"1975","journal-title":"Br Vet J"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1974.tb03734.x","article-title":"Feeding mechanisms of Babesia equi","volume":"21","author":"Frerichs","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Protozool"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1977.tb05459.x","article-title":"The identification of Babesia equi in Australia","volume":"53","author":"Mahoney","year":"1977","journal-title":"Aust Vet J"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0079","first-page":"1333","article-title":"Equine piroplasmosis: Attempts to infect laboratory animals with Babesia equi","volume":"30","author":"Frerichs","year":"1969","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0737-0806(97)80563-1","article-title":"Clinical and histopathological aspects of splenectomized foals infected by Babesia equi","volume":"17","author":"Guimar\u00e3es","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Eq Vet Sci"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0081","first-page":"33","article-title":"Isolation of pure Babesia equi and Babesia caballi organisms in splenectomized horses from endemic areas in South Africa","volume":"55","author":"De Waal","year":"1988","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02236589","article-title":"Cell-mediated immune response in equine babesiosis","volume":"9","author":"Banerjee","year":"1977","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(02)00027-4","article-title":"Vaccination of donkeys against Babesia equi using killed merozoite immunogen","volume":"106","author":"Kumar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.60.1127","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Babesia caballi infection in experimental horses","volume":"60","author":"Hanafusa","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.62.5.1909-1913.1994","article-title":"Specific immune responses are required to control parasitemia in Babesia equi infection","volume":"62","author":"Knowles","year":"1994","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2518","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.133.5.2518","article-title":"Continuous cultivation of equine lymphocytes: Evidence for occasional T cell-like maturation events in horses with hereditary severe combined immunodeficiency","volume":"133","author":"Magnuson","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-1229(75)90080-X","article-title":"Combined immunodeficiency in horses: Characterization of the lymphocyte defect","volume":"3","author":"McGuire","year":"1975","journal-title":"Clin Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1978.39.06.1043","article-title":"Maintenance of foals with combined immunodeficiency: Causes and control of secondary infections","volume":"39","author":"Perryman","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3073","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.62.8.3073-3076.1988","article-title":"Immune responses are required to terminate viremia in equine infectious anemia lentivirus infection","volume":"62","author":"Perryman","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3565","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.158.8.3565","article-title":"A kinase-negative mutation of DNA-PK(CS) in equine SCID results in defective coding and signal joint formation","volume":"158","author":"Shin","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11485","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.25.11485","article-title":"Equine severe combined immunodeficiency: A defect in V(D)J recombination and DNA-dependent protein kinase activity","volume":"92","author":"Wiler","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.13.2.297-300.2006","article-title":"Development of specific immunoglobulin Ga (IgGa) and IgGb antibodies correlates with control of parasitemia in Babesia equi infection","volume":"13","author":"Cunha","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2007.06.158","article-title":"The different effector function capabilities of the seven equine IgG subclasses have implications for vaccine strategies","volume":"45","author":"Lewis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.05301-11","article-title":"Protective effects of passively transferred merozoite-specific antibodies against Theileria equi in horses with severe combined immunodeficiency","volume":"19","author":"Mealey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.01.037","article-title":"Erythrocyte invasion by Babesia parasites: Current advances in the elucidation of the molecular interactions between the protozoan ligands and host receptors in the invasion stage","volume":"138","author":"Yokoyama","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0096","first-page":"509","article-title":"Effects of intravenous corticosteroid on the pathogenicity of Babesia equi infection of donkeys (Equus asinus)","volume":"35","author":"Oladosu","year":"1988","journal-title":"Zentralbl Veterinarmed B"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0097","first-page":"345","article-title":"Haematology of experimental babesiosis and ehrlichiosis in steroid immunosuppressed horses","volume":"39","author":"Oladosu","year":"1992","journal-title":"Zentralbl Veterinarmed B"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0098","volume-title":"Equine piroplasmosis terrestrial manual 2008","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-1935(96)80070-4","article-title":"Equine piroplasmosis an update on diagnosis, treatment and prevention","volume":"152","author":"Br\u00fcning","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br Vet J"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(86)90091-9","article-title":"Species-specific serodiagnosis of equine piroplasma infections by means of complement fixation test (CFT), immunofluorescence (IIF), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)","volume":"20","author":"Weiland","year":"1986","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1738","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.107.6.1738","article-title":"The complement-fixation reaction in equine infectious anemia: Demonstration of inhibition by IgG (T)","volume":"107","author":"McGuire","year":"1971","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1982.tb02365.x","article-title":"Evidence of maternal antibodies to Babesia equi and B caballi in foals of seropositive mares","volume":"14","author":"Donnelly","year":"1982","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(86)90092-0","article-title":"Serodiagnosis of experimental and natural Babesia equi and B. caballi infections","volume":"20","author":"Tenter","year":"1986","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0104","volume-title":"Animal Health Laboratory Information and Services","author":"Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Website","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2056","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.29.9.2056-2058.1991","article-title":"Detection of equine antibody to Babesia equi merozoite proteins by a monoclonal antibody-based competitive inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay","volume":"29","author":"Knowles","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2412","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.59.7.2412-2417.1991","article-title":"A monoclonal antibody defines a geographically conserved surface protein epitope of Babesia equi merozoites","volume":"59","author":"Knowles","year":"1991","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0107","first-page":"1301","article-title":"Conformational dependence and conservation of an immunodominant epitope within the Babesia equi erythrocyte-stage surface protein equi merozoite antigen 1","volume":"9","author":"Cunha","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.7.2285-2290.1999","article-title":"Detection of equine antibodies to Babesia caballi by recombinant B. caballi rhoptry-associated protein 1 in a competitive-inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay","volume":"37","author":"Kappmeyer","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.01.009","article-title":"Sequence heterogeneity in the gene encoding the rhoptry-associated protein-1 (RAP-1) of Babesia caballi isolates from South Africa","volume":"169","author":"Bhoora","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.04.025","article-title":"Sequence heterogeneity in the equi merozoite antigen gene (ema-1) of Theileria equi and development of an ema-1-specific TaqMan MGB assay for the detection of T. equi","volume":"172","author":"Bhoora","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2002055","article-title":"Standardisation and comparison of serial dilution and single dilution enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using different antigenic preparations of the Babesia (Theileria) equi parasite","volume":"34","author":"Kumar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870001200108","article-title":"Procedurally similar competitive immunoassay systems for the serodiagnosis of Babesia equi, Babesia caballi, Trypanosoma equiperdum, and Burkholderia mallei infection in horses","volume":"12","author":"Katz","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(01)00120-5","article-title":"Detection of Babesia caballi and Babesia equi in Dermacentor nuttalli adult ticks","volume":"31","author":"Battsetseg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(99)00049-7","article-title":"Molecular detection of Babesia equi and Babesia caballi in horse blood by PCR amplification of part of the 16S rRNA gene","volume":"84","author":"Bashiruddin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(01)00471-X","article-title":"Detection of Babesia equi (Laveran, 1901) by nested polymerase chain reaction","volume":"101","author":"Nicolaiewsky","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.11.011","article-title":"Development and evaluation of real-time PCR assays for the quantitative detection of Babesia caballi and Theileria equi infections in horses from South Africa","volume":"168","author":"Bhoora","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4327","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00404-09","article-title":"Imidocarb dipropionate clears persistent Babesia caballii infection with elimination of transmission potential","volume":"53","author":"Schwint","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5803","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.12.5803-5809.2003","article-title":"Expression of equi merozoite antigen 2 during development of Babesia equi in the midgut and salivary gland of the vector tick Boophilus microplus","volume":"41","author":"Ueti","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(04)01044-8","article-title":"PCR-based diagnostics for infectious diseases: Uses, limitations, and future applications in acute-care settings","volume":"4","author":"Yang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2012.10.025","article-title":"Efficacy of imidocarb dipropionate in eliminating Theileria equi from experimentally infected horses","volume":"196","author":"Grause","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.2.800-803.2003","article-title":"Growth-inhibitory effects of artesunate, pyrimethamine, and pamaquine against Babesia equi and Babesia caballi in in vitro cultures","volume":"47","author":"Nagai","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.93.3.73","article-title":"Equine piroplasmosis (Babesia equi): Therapeutic trials of imidocarb dihydrochloride in horses and donkeys","volume":"93","author":"Frerichs","year":"1973","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.95.9.188","article-title":"Treatment of equine piroplasmosis (B caballi) with imidocarb dipropionate","volume":"95","author":"Frerichs","year":"1974","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.65.1171","article-title":"In-vivo therapeutic efficacy trial with artemisinin derivative, buparvaquone and imidocarb dipropionate against Babesia equi infection in donkeys","volume":"65","author":"Kumar","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1989.50.05.782","article-title":"Evaluations of buparvaquone as a treatment for equine babesiosis (Babesia equi)","volume":"50","author":"Zaugg","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.1.236-241.2004","article-title":"Growth-inhibitory effect of heparin on Babesia parasites","volume":"48","author":"Bork","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.68.334","article-title":"Growth inhibitory effect of triclosan on equine and bovine Babesia parasites","volume":"68","author":"Bork","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2003)089[0604:CKACAP]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Clotrimazole, ketoconazole, and clodinafop-propargyl as potent growth inhibitors of equine Babesia parasites during in vitro culture","volume":"89","author":"Bork","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.4102\/jsava.v76i1.390","article-title":"Clinical and clinicopathological changes in 6 healthy ponies following intramuscular administration of multiple doses of imidocarb dipropionate","volume":"76","author":"Meyer","year":"2005","journal-title":"J S Afr Vet Assoc"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(81)80011-1","article-title":"Prevention by polyamines of the curative effect of amicarbalide and imidocarb for Trypanosoma brucei infections in mice","volume":"30","author":"Bacchi","year":"1981","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)30565-4","article-title":"Efficacy, toxicity and metabolism of imidocarb dipropionate in the treatment of Babesia ovis infection in sheep","volume":"41","author":"McHardy","year":"1986","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.2746\/042516402776180124","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of imidocarb dipropionate in horses after intramuscular administration","volume":"34","author":"Belloli","year":"2002","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)32521-9","article-title":"Clinicopathological aspects of imidocarb dipropionate toxicity in horses","volume":"31","author":"Adams","year":"1981","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-007-9121-2","article-title":"Comparative efficacy of diminazene diaceturate and diminazene aceturate for the treatment of babesiosis in horses","volume":"40","author":"Rashid","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"key":"2026022000545365400_jvim12168-bib-0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.10.036","article-title":"In vitro activity of ponazuril against Theileria equi","volume":"185","author":"Wise","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fjvim.12168","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fjvim.12168","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/27\/6\/1334\/67006316\/jvim12168.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/27\/6\/1334\/67006316\/jvim12168.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T05:55:14Z","timestamp":1771566914000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article\/27\/6\/1334\/8492485"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,1]]},"references-count":135,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvim.12168","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,1]]}}}