{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T05:02:48Z","timestamp":1791176568507,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]],"date-time":"2014-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1393632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001250","name":"Morris Animal Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001250","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Previous studies have identified large breed, male, outdoor dogs of herding or working groups to be at increased risk for Leptospira infection. Exposure risk factors may change over time, altering the signalment of dogs most commonly diagnosed with leptospirosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The objectives of this study were to evaluate possible signalment changes by decade in canine leptospirosis cases diagnosed at university veterinary hospitals in the United States and Canada using reports to the Veterinary Medical DataBase (VMDB) over a 40-year period (1970\u20132009).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One thousand and ninety-one dogs with leptospirosis diagnosed among 1,659,146 hospital visits.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hospital prevalence of leptospirosis by decade was determined by age, sex, weight, and breed groups. Multivariable logistic regression models were created to evaluate the association between variables and the odds of disease for each decade.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Veterinary Medical DataBase hospital prevalence of leptospirosis in dogs, after a marked decrease in the 1970s and low rates in the 1980s, began increasing in the 1990s. Hospital prevalence significantly increased in dogs between 2 and 9.9 years of age (P &amp;lt; .05) and in male dogs (P &amp;lt; .05) in each decade since the 1980s. Among weight groups in the most recent decade (2000\u20132009), dogs weighing &amp;lt;15 pounds had the greatest odds of being diagnosed with leptospirosis (P = .003).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hospital prevalence rates by age, weight, sex, and breed groups differed by decade. These changes may reflect changes in exposure risk, Leptospira vaccination practices for dogs, or both.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,26]],"date-time":"2013-12-26T10:06:46Z","timestamp":1388052406000},"page":"294-299","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Signalment Changes in Canine Leptospirosis between 1970 and 2009"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"H.S.","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University Department of Comparative Pathobiology, , West Lafayette, IN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Guptill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences , , West Lafayette, IN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.J.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University Department of Comparative Pathobiology, , West Lafayette, IN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.E.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University Department of Comparative Pathobiology, , West Lafayette, IN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020304380077500_jvim12273-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/21.1.1","article-title":"Leptospirosis","volume":"21","author":"Farr","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026020304380077500_jvim12273-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2007.09.011","article-title":"The globalization of leptospirosis: Worldwide incidence trends","volume":"12","author":"Pappas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026020304380077500_jvim12273-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.14.2.296-326.2001","article-title":"Leptospirosis","volume":"14","author":"Levett","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2026020304380077500_jvim12273-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2006.04.005","article-title":"Canine leptospirosis\u2014Do we have a problem?","volume":"117","author":"Andr\u00e9-Fontaine","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"2026020304380077500_jvim12273-bib-0005","first-page":"431","volume-title":"Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat","author":"Greene","year":"2012","edition":"4th ed"},{"key":"2026020304380077500_jvim12273-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/S1096-2867(96)80029-6","article-title":"Diagnosis of leptospirosis: A reemerging disease of companion animals","volume":"11","author":"Bolin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Semin Vet Med Surg (Small Anim)"},{"key":"2026020304380077500_jvim12273-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.5326\/15473317-32-6-495","article-title":"Canine leptospirosis in New Jersey and Michigan: 17 cases (1990\u20131995)","volume":"32","author":"Harkin","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"key":"2026020304380077500_jvim12273-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2002.220.53","article-title":"Prevalence of and risk factors for leptospirosis among dogs in the United States and Canada: 677 cases (1970\u20131998)","volume":"220","author":"Ward","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020304380077500_jvim12273-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1998.tb03640.x","article-title":"Naturally acquired leptospirosis in 36 dogs: Serological and clinicopathological features","volume":"39","author":"Birnbaum","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026020304380077500_jvim12273-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1996.209.07.1265","article-title":"Leptospira interrogans serovar grippotyphosa infection in dogs","volume":"209","author":"Brown","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020304380077500_jvim12273-bib-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1992.tb00345.x","article-title":"Canine leptospirosis. 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