{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T15:01:26Z","timestamp":1781967686801,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]],"date-time":"2014-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1393632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Agria and Swedish Kennel Club Research Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the dog, the normal estrous cycle includes a prolonged luteal phase. Progesterone stimulates local canine mammary growth hormone (GH) production, which may act systemically and contribute to insulin resistance. Swedish Elkhounds are predisposed to progesterone-related diabetes mellitus, and the relationship among insulin resistance, GH, and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is of particular interest.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To study insulin resistance in relation to GH and IGF-I in nondiabetic Swedish Elkhounds during diestrus. We also assessed whether alterations in these hormones could predict diestrus-linked diseases and all-cause mortality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eighty-four privately owned female intact Swedish Elkhounds &amp;gt;4 years of age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Blood sampling and clinical examination during luteal phase, with a follow-up questionnaire after 20 months. Insulin resistance was calculated by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In multivariable regression analysis, GH was positively associated with HOMA-IR (P = .009). An increase in GH of 1 ng\/mL was associated with a 12.7% increase in HOMA-IR. Moreover, C-peptide was positively associated with IGF-I (P = .04), and an increase in C-peptide of 0.1 ng\/mL was associated with a 6.9% increase in IGF-I. Structural equation modeling supported these results. Twenty-three animals were found to have previously unrecognized mammary masses and had higher GH (P &amp;lt; .0001) and IGF-I (P = .007) than dogs without mammary masses (n = 61). There was no association between high GH and IGF-I concentrations at sampling and future mammary masses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We showed that GH was strongly associated with insulin resistance in older Swedish Elkhounds during diestrus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12307","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,4]],"date-time":"2014-02-04T13:30:02Z","timestamp":1391520602000},"page":"419-428","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Relationship among Insulin Resistance, Growth Hormone, and Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Concentrations in Diestrous Swedish Elkhounds"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"E.M.","family":"Strage","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Department of Clinical Sciences, , Uppsala,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.S.","family":"Lewitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Nursing and Midwifery, University of the West of Scotland , Scotland,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.M.","family":"Hanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Department of Clinical Sciences, , Uppsala,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"U.","family":"Olsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Department of Economics, , Uppsala,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Norrvik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Albano Animal Hospital , Stockholm,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Lillieh\u00f6\u00f6k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, University Animal Hospital , Uppsala,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.S.","family":"Holst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Department of Clinical Sciences, , Uppsala,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Fall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University Department of Medical Sciences, , Uppsala,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020304371923000_jvim12307-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.134.1.7506206","article-title":"Progestin-induced growth hormone excess in the dog originates in the mammary gland","volume":"134","author":"Selman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2026020304371923000_jvim12307-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1310413","article-title":"Progestin treatment in the dog. 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