{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T04:16:42Z","timestamp":1784780202906,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]],"date-time":"2014-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1393632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Increased heart rate (HR) and decreased heart rate variability (HRV) are evident in some dogs with degenerative mitral valve disease (DMVD).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Evaluation of the factors influencing HR and HRV (assessed by the vasovagal tonus index; VVTI) and their change over time in dogs with DMVD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Client-owned dogs (n = 257) with DMVD recruited from first opinion practice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prospective longitudinal follow-up at six-monthly intervals of dogs with DMVD. Dogs followed up for at least 18 months (n = 102) were grouped according to their outcome as dogs dying\/euthanized because of cardiac disease (n = 28; Group 1), noncardiac disease (n = 40; Group 2) and dogs alive (n = 34; Group 3). HR and VVTI were measured on 1-minute ECG recordings. Repeated measures linear models were constructed to investigate the factors that influence HR and VVTI and their changes over time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Heart rate and VVTI were affected by disease severity and were different in Cavaliers compared to other breeds. Group 1 and Group 2 dogs underwent an increase in HR and decrease in VVTI, evident at least 18 months before death. Group 1 had a further decrease in VVTI followed by an increase in HR approximately 1 year and 6 months before death, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dogs with DMVD have an increase in HR and decrease in HRV over a year before death, with greater changes in those dogs dying\/euthanized because of cardiac disease. Both HR and VVTI can potentially be regarded as biomarkers for all-cause mortality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12311","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,4]],"date-time":"2014-02-04T13:34:02Z","timestamp":1391520842000},"page":"393-400","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Longitudinal Electrocardiographic Evaluation of Dogs with Degenerative Mitral Valve Disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"J.","family":"L\u00f3pez-Alvarez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Veterinary College Department of Clinical Science and Services, , London,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Boswood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Veterinary College Department of Clinical Science and Services, , London,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W.","family":"Moonarmart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Veterinary College Department of Clinical Science and Services, , London,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Science , Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom,","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.J.","family":"Hezzell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Veterinary College Department of Clinical Science and Services, , London,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Department of Clinical Studies-Philadelphia, , Philadelphia, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Lotter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Veterinary College Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, , London,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Elliott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Veterinary College Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, , London,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2026020304372595400_jvim12311-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2009.00800.x","article-title":"An update on treatment and prognostic indicators in canine myxomatous mitral valve disease","volume":"50","author":"H\u00e4ggstr\u00f6m","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026020304372595400_jvim12311-bib-0002","first-page":"75","article-title":"Chronic valvular disease (endocardiosis) in dogs","volume":"21","author":"Buchanan","year":"1977","journal-title":"Adv Vet Sci Comp Med"},{"key":"2026020304372595400_jvim12311-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2012.01.006","article-title":"Myxomatous mitral valve disease in dogs: Does size matter?","volume":"14","author":"Parker","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Vet Cardiol"},{"key":"2026020304372595400_jvim12311-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2010.03.008","article-title":"Canine degenerative myxomatous mitral valve disease: Natural history, clinical presentation and therapy","volume":"40","author":"Borgarelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026020304372595400_jvim12311-bib-0005","volume-title":"Heart physiology. In: From Cell to Circulation","author":"Opie","year":"2004","edition":"4th ed"},{"key":"2026020304372595400_jvim12311-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.100202","article-title":"Heart rate variability parameters of myxomatous mitral valve disease in dogs with and without heart failure obtained using 24-hour Holter electrocardiography","volume":"170","author":"Oliveira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"2026020304372595400_jvim12311-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000079226.48637.5A","article-title":"Beta1-adrenergic receptor blockade attenuates angiotensin II-mediated catecholamine release into the cardiac interstitium in mitral regurgitation","volume":"108","author":"Tallaj","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026020304372595400_jvim12311-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6166045","article-title":"Power spectrum analysis of heart rate fluctuation: A quantitative probe of beat-to-beat cardiovascular control","volume":"213","author":"Akselrod","year":"1981","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026020304372595400_jvim12311-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1997.tb02140.x","article-title":"Heart rate variability: Origins, methods, and interpretive caveats","volume":"34","author":"Berntson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"2026020304372595400_jvim12311-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1996.tb01941.x","article-title":"Heart rate variability in relation to severity of mitral regurgitation in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels","volume":"37","author":"H\u00e4ggstr\u00f6m","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026020304372595400_jvim12311-bib-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.154.23.713","article-title":"Differences between breeds of dog in a measure of heart rate variability","volume":"154","author":"Doxey","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"2026020304372595400_jvim12311-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2005.12.001","article-title":"The effect of heart disease, heart failure and diuresis on selected laboratory and electrocardiographic parameters in dogs","volume":"8","author":"Boswood","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Vet Cardiol"},{"key":"2026020304372595400_jvim12311-bib-0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2011.00842.x","article-title":"Heart rate, heart rate variability, and arrhythmias in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease","volume":"26","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020304372595400_jvim12311-bib-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2009.00889.x","article-title":"N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide and left ventricular diameter independently predict mortality in dogs with mitral valve disease","volume":"51","author":"Moonarmart","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026020304372595400_jvim12311-bib-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2008.00654.x","article-title":"The vasovagal tonus index as a prognostic indicator in dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"49","author":"Martinez Pereira","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026020304372595400_jvim12311-bib-0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2012.00894.x","article-title":"The combined prognostic potential of serum high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide concentrations in dogs with degenerative mitral valve disease","volume":"26","author":"Hezzell","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020304372595400_jvim12311-bib-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2011.0707.x","article-title":"Holter monitoring in clinically healthy Cavalier King Charles Spaniels, Wire-haired Dachshunds, and Cairn Terriers","volume":"25","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020304372595400_jvim12311-bib-0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2012.00999.x","article-title":"Blood pressure, heart rate, and urinary catecholamines in healthy dogs subjected to different clinical settings","volume":"26","author":"H\u00f6glund","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020304372595400_jvim12311-bib-0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2007.0008.x","article-title":"Survival characteristics and prognostic variables of dogs with mitral regurgitation attributable to myxomatous valve disease","volume":"22","author":"Borgarelli","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020304372595400_jvim12311-bib-0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2008.0150.x","article-title":"Effect of pimobendan or benazepril hydrochloride on survival times in dogs with congestive heart failure caused by naturally occurring myxomatous mitral valve disease: The QUEST study","volume":"22","author":"H\u00e4ggstr\u00f6m","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fjvim.12311","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fjvim.12311","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/28\/2\/393\/66685881\/jvim12311.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/28\/2\/393\/66685881\/jvim12311.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T09:37:58Z","timestamp":1770111478000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article\/28\/2\/393\/8452118"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvim.12311","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]]}}}