{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T12:43:21Z","timestamp":1788871401274,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,1]],"date-time":"2014-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1409529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016512","name":"Center for Companion Animal Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016512","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012429","name":"School of Veterinary Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012429","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007707","name":"University of California, Davis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007707","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Brachycephalic dogs are at risk for arterial hypertension and obstructive sleep apnea, which are both associated with chronic magnesium (Mg) depletion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis\/Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare the period prevalence of hypomagnesemia between Boxers and Bulldogs presented to a referral teaching hospital. To screen a group of Bulldogs for evidence of hypomagnesemia, and to obtain pilot data regarding the utility of parenteral Mg tolerance testing (PMgTT) in the diagnosis of whole-body Mg deficiency.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chemistry laboratory submissions were retrospectively analyzed for serum total Mg (tMg) in Boxers and Bulldogs. Prospectively, 16 healthy client-owned Bulldogs were enrolled.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective case study. tMg concentrations were compared between Boxers and Bulldogs. Dogs with low serum albumin or high serum creatinine concentrations were excluded. Prospectively, ionized Mg (iMg), tMg, and arterial blood pressure were measured and iMg-to-tMg ratio (iMg : tMg) was calculated. Parenteral Mg tolerance testing (PMgTT) was performed in 3\/16 dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the retrospective study, period prevalence of hypomagnesemia was 4.7% in Boxers and 15% in Bulldogs (P = .02). The risk ratio for hypomagnesemia in Bulldogs was 1.8 when compared to Boxers (CI: 1.3\u20132.7). In the prospective study, iMg was [median (interquartile)] 0.43 (0.42\u20130.46) mmol\/L (reference range 0.4\u20130.52), tMg was 1.9 (1.8\u20131.9) mg\/dL (reference range 1.9\u20132.5). iMg : tMg was [mean (\u00b1SD)] 0.59 \u00b1 0.04. Percentage retention after PMgTT were 55%, 95%, and 67%, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mg deficiency is common in Bulldogs and could contribute to comorbidities often observed in this breed. iMg : tMg and PMgTT might prove helpful in detecting chronic subclinical Mg deficiency.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12393","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,2]],"date-time":"2014-07-02T04:43:26Z","timestamp":1404276206000},"page":"1418-1423","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Hypomagnesemia in Brachycephalic Dogs"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"M.S.","family":"Mellema","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California \u2013 Davis Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, , Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.L.","family":"Hoareau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"William R. Pritchard, Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital , Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020304394785600_jvim12393-bib-0001","first-page":"23","article-title":"Modification of human amniotic membrane stability after addition of magnesium salts","volume":"1","author":"Bara","year":"1988","journal-title":"Magnes Res"},{"key":"2026020304394785600_jvim12393-bib-0002","first-page":"243","article-title":"A qualitative theory of the screening-binding effects of magnesium salts on epithelial cell membranes: A new hypothesis","volume":"2","author":"Bara","year":"1989","journal-title":"Magnes Res"},{"key":"2026020304394785600_jvim12393-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-8981(99)00258-2","article-title":"Magnesium. An update on physiological, clinical and analytical aspects","volume":"294","author":"Saris","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"2026020304394785600_jvim12393-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1963.204.6.1086","article-title":"Tissue distribution, kinetics, and biologic half-life of Mg28 in the dog","volume":"204","author":"Lazzara","year":"1963","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2026020304394785600_jvim12393-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2011.04092.x","article-title":"How should hypomagnesaemia be investigated and treated?","volume":"75","author":"Ayuk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026020304394785600_jvim12393-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-199305000-00011","article-title":"The effect of angiotensin II on platelet intracellular free magnesium and calcium ionic concentrations in essential hypertension","volume":"11","author":"Touyz","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"2026020304394785600_jvim12393-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6511","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.81.20.6511","article-title":"Intracellular free magnesium in erythrocytes of essential hypertension: Relation to blood pressure and serum divalent cations","volume":"81","author":"Resnick","year":"1984","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2026020304394785600_jvim12393-bib-0008","first-page":"266","article-title":"Mechanisms of blood pressure regulation by magnesium in man","volume":"8","author":"Rude","year":"1989","journal-title":"Magnesium"},{"key":"2026020304394785600_jvim12393-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1038\/jhh.2008.129","article-title":"The effect of lowering blood pressure by magnesium supplementation in diabetic hypertensive adults with low serum magnesium levels: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"23","author":"Guerrero-Romero","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"key":"2026020304394785600_jvim12393-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2012.00941.x","article-title":"Evaluation of arterial blood gases and arterial blood pressures in brachycephalic dogs","volume":"26","author":"Hoareau","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020304394785600_jvim12393-bib-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1201985","article-title":"Chronic cyclic nonnephrogenic magnesium depletion without losses","volume":"366","author":"Blasco","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026020304394785600_jvim12393-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1987.63.4.1344","article-title":"The English Bulldog: A natural model of sleep-disordered breathing","volume":"63","author":"Hendricks","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2026020304394785600_jvim12393-bib-0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002316","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1002316","article-title":"Identification of genomic regions associated with phenotypic variation between dog breeds using selection mapping","volume":"7","author":"Vaysse","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"2026020304394785600_jvim12393-bib-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)34303-0","article-title":"The effect of cuff width on accuracy of indirect measurement of blood pressure in dogs","volume":"11","author":"Valtonen","year":"1970","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"2026020304394785600_jvim12393-bib-0015","first-page":"137","article-title":"Parenteral magnesium tolerance testing in the evaluation of magnesium deficiency","volume":"4","author":"Ryzen","year":"1985","journal-title":"Magnesium"},{"key":"2026020304394785600_jvim12393-bib-0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(00)00688-3","article-title":"The impact of diets with different magnesium contents on magnesium and calcium in serum and tissues of the rat","volume":"67","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2000","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"2026020304394785600_jvim12393-bib-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1999.60.09.1159","article-title":"Effect of magnesium-deficient diet on serum and urine magnesium concentrations in healthy cats","volume":"60","author":"Norris","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026020304394785600_jvim12393-bib-0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1089\/pai.1993.7.211","article-title":"Consider magnesium homeostasis. 2. Staging of magnesium deficiencies","volume":"7","author":"Mansmann","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pediatr Asthma Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"2026020304394785600_jvim12393-bib-0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2007.tb03005.x","article-title":"Guidelines for the identification, evaluation, and management of systemic hypertension in dogs and cats","volume":"21","author":"Brown","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020304394785600_jvim12393-bib-0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1998.tb02126.x","article-title":"Hypomagnesemia in 188 dogs: a hospital population-based prevalence study","volume":"12","author":"Khanna","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020304394785600_jvim12393-bib-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.95.2.391","article-title":"Hypomagnesemia in patients in postoperative intensive care","volume":"95","author":"Chernow","year":"1989","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026020304394785600_jvim12393-bib-0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2002.tb02360.x","article-title":"Prevalence and incidence of serum magnesium abnormalities in hospitalized cats","volume":"16","author":"Toll","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020304394785600_jvim12393-bib-0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1309\/JR9Y-PPTX-AJTC-QDRD","article-title":"Magnesium levels in critically ill patients. What should we measure?","volume":"114","author":"Huijgen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"2026020304394785600_jvim12393-bib-0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1053\/jcrc.2002.35813","article-title":"The simultaneous measurement of ionized and total calcium and ionized and total magnesium in intensive care unit patients","volume":"17","author":"Koch","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"2026020304394785600_jvim12393-bib-0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1999.215.10.1455","article-title":"Serum total and ionized magnesium concentrations and urinary fractional excretion of magnesium in cats with diabetes mellitus and diabetic ketoacidosis","volume":"215","author":"Norris","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020304394785600_jvim12393-bib-0026","first-page":"203","article-title":"Importance of the ratio between ionized and total Mg in serum or plasma: New data on the regulation of Mg status and practical importance of total Mg concentration in the investigation of Mg imbalance","volume":"15","author":"Durlach","year":"2002","journal-title":"Magnes Res"},{"key":"2026020304394785600_jvim12393-bib-0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V1071616","article-title":"Hypomagnesemia","volume":"10","author":"Agus","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2026020304394785600_jvim12393-bib-0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/0011-5029(88)90013-2","article-title":"Magnesium metabolism in health and disease","volume":"34","author":"Elin","year":"1988","journal-title":"Dis Mon"},{"key":"2026020304394785600_jvim12393-bib-0029","first-page":"S194","article-title":"Assessment of magnesium status for diagnosis and therapy","volume":"23","author":"Elin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Magnes Res"},{"key":"2026020304394785600_jvim12393-bib-0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1684\/mrh.2011.0298","article-title":"Re-evaluation of the concept of chronic, latent, magnesium deficiency","volume":"24","author":"Elin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Magnes Res"},{"key":"2026020304394785600_jvim12393-bib-0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1684\/mrh.2011.0297","article-title":"Magnesium in bone and the magnesium load test","volume":"24","author":"Gunther","year":"2011","journal-title":"Magnes Res"},{"key":"2026020304394785600_jvim12393-bib-0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1970.sp009226","article-title":"Acidosis and hypercalciuria: Renal mechanisms affecting calcium, magnesium and sodium excretion in the sheep","volume":"210","author":"Stacy","year":"1970","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"2026020304394785600_jvim12393-bib-0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2303","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(80)90498-1","article-title":"Circadian rhythms of urinary electrolyte excretion in freely moving rats","volume":"27","author":"Roelfsema","year":"1980","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"2026020304394785600_jvim12393-bib-0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2009.09.005","article-title":"Twenty-four-hour profiles of urinary excretion of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, urea, and creatinine in healthy prepubertal boys","volume":"43","author":"Touitou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Biochem"},{"key":"2026020304394785600_jvim12393-bib-0035","first-page":"251","article-title":"Circadian rhythms of electrolyte excretion in hypertensive patients and healthy subjects","volume":"5","author":"Aslanian","year":"1978","journal-title":"Chronobiologia"},{"key":"2026020304394785600_jvim12393-bib-0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2005070732","article-title":"Acid-base status determines the renal expression of Ca2+ and Mg2+ transport proteins","volume":"17","author":"Nijenhuis","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2026020304394785600_jvim12393-bib-0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2005.tb00320.x","article-title":"Prevalence of gastrointestinal tract lesions in 73 brachycephalic dogs with upper respiratory syndrome","volume":"46","author":"Poncet","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026020304394785600_jvim12393-bib-0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D666","DOI":"10.2741\/Schweigel","article-title":"Magnesium transport in the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"5","author":"Schweigel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Front Biosci"},{"key":"2026020304394785600_jvim12393-bib-0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-010-0141-0","article-title":"Association of long-term proton pump inhibitor therapy with bone fractures and effects on absorption of calcium, vitamin B12, iron, and magnesium","volume":"12","author":"Ito","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Gastroenterol Rep"},{"key":"2026020304394785600_jvim12393-bib-0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2012.452","article-title":"Proton-pump inhibitor use is associated with low serum magnesium concentrations","volume":"83","author":"Danziger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2026020304394785600_jvim12393-bib-0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0b013e3282f37b59","article-title":"Recent developments in intestinal magnesium absorption","volume":"24","author":"Quamme","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Opin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2026020304394785600_jvim12393-bib-0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-008-0968-x","article-title":"Inherited forms of renal hypomagnesemia: An update","volume":"24","author":"Knoers","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"2026020304394785600_jvim12393-bib-0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.1983.10719931","article-title":"Effects of dietary magnesium on the development of hypertension in the spontaneously hypertensive rat","volume":"2","author":"Berthelot","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Am Coll Nutr"},{"key":"2026020304394785600_jvim12393-bib-0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.01333","article-title":"Urinary magnesium excretion and risk of hypertension: The prevention of renal and vascular end-stage disease study","volume":"61","author":"Joosten","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2026020304394785600_jvim12393-bib-0045","first-page":"241","article-title":"Mechanisms responsible for vasodilation upon magnesium infusion in vivo: Clinical evidence","volume":"15","author":"Teragawa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Magnes Res"},{"key":"2026020304394785600_jvim12393-bib-0046","first-page":"S207","article-title":"Vascular biology of magnesium and its transporters in hypertension","volume":"23","author":"Yogi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Magnes Res"},{"key":"2026020304394785600_jvim12393-bib-0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1103","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00903.2007","article-title":"Transient receptor potential melastatin 6 and 7 channels, magnesium transport, and vascular biology: Implications in hypertension","volume":"294","author":"Touyz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"2026020304394785600_jvim12393-bib-0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-10-1021","article-title":"Transient receptor potential melastatin 7 (TRPM7) cation channels, magnesium and the vascular system in hypertension","volume":"75","author":"Yogi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ J"},{"key":"2026020304394785600_jvim12393-bib-0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-0265-3_37","article-title":"TRPM channels in the vasculature","volume":"704","author":"Zholos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"2026020304394785600_jvim12393-bib-0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000197262.68967.ae","article-title":"Magnesium and arterial stiffness","volume":"47","author":"Kisters","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hypertension"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fjvim.12393","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fjvim.12393","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/28\/5\/1418\/66686381\/jvim12393.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/28\/5\/1418\/66686381\/jvim12393.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T09:40:18Z","timestamp":1770111618000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article\/28\/5\/1418\/8452217"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,1]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvim.12393","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,1]]}}}