{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T21:55:53Z","timestamp":1770155753297,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,1]],"date-time":"2014-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1409529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Pfizer Fund"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Otitis media is a common disease in calves that can be subclinical, making antemortem on-farm diagnosis challenging.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of ultrasonography of tympanic bullae for the diagnosis of clinical and subclinical otitis media and to evaluate the reproducibility of the technique.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Forty calves 19\u201350 days of age were selected from a veal calf farm.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prospective study. Ultrasonography was first performed on the farm by ultrasonographer A (US A). Ultrasonography was repeated by ultrasonographer A (US A') and another ultrasonographer (US B) at the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire. Images were later reread by both examiners and a diagnosis was recorded. The calves were euthanized and submitted for necropsy, and histopathologic diagnosis was used as the gold standard.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Forty-five bullae were affected by otitis media and 35 bullae were normal. Sensitivity and specificity of the ultrasound technique ranged from 32 to 63% and 84 to 100%, respectively, depending on the examiner and classification of suspicious ultrasonography results. Kappa analysis to evaluate interobserver agreement between A' and B yielded a \u043a value of 0.53. Agreement within the same examiner (A versus A') yielded a \u043a value of 0.48, and real-time ultrasound versus rereading of recorded images for A' and B yielded \u043a values of 0.58 and 0.75, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sensitivity and specificity of the ultrasound imaging technique are, respectively, low and high for diagnosis of clinical and subclinical otitis media in calves, with moderate reproducibility.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12398","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,2]],"date-time":"2014-07-02T04:43:45Z","timestamp":1404276225000},"page":"1594-1601","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Validation of an Ultrasound Imaging Technique of the Tympanic Bullae for the Diagnosis of Otitis Media in Calves"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"V.","family":"Bernier Gosselin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement des Sciences Cliniques, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al , Saint-Hyacinthe, QC,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Babkine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement des Sciences Cliniques, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al , Saint-Hyacinthe, QC,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.J.","family":"Gains","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham , Leicestershire,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Nichols","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement 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