{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T18:04:53Z","timestamp":1770746693743,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]],"date-time":"2015-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Colorado State University College Research Council"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Computed tomography (CT) is highly accurate for diagnosing pancreatitis in humans. The diagnosis of pancreatitis in dogs is based on clinical signs, laboratory findings, and ultrasonographic (US) changes. There are, however, inherent limitations in relying on laboratory and ultrasound findings for the clinical diagnosis of pancreatitis in dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis\/Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We hypothesized that CT angiography would be a rapid and reliable method to confirm pancreatitis in dogs compared to ultrasonography. The aim was to describe the CT characteristics and compare them to ultrasound findings and correlate the CT appearance to the severity of the patients' clinical course.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A prospective pilot case series; 10 dogs with pancreatitis were enrolled if the history, clinical signs, laboratory, and ultrasonographic findings were indicative of pancreatitis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A 3-phase angiographic CT was performed under sedation. Afterward, each dog had US-guided aspirates of the pancreas collected and blood drawn for cPLi assay. Images were evaluated for portion of visible pancreas, pancreatic size and margin, pancreatic parenchyma, presence of peripancreatic changes and contrast enhancement pattern. The results were compared with outcome.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An enlarged, homogeneously to heterogeneously attenuating and contrast-enhancing pancreas with ill-defined borders was identified in all dogs. CT identified more features characterizing pancreatic abnormalities compared to US. Thrombi were found in 3\/10 dogs. Three dogs with heterogeneous contrast enhancement had an overall poorer outcome than those with homogenous enhancement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CT angiography under sedation was used in dogs to confirm clinically suspected pancreatitis and identified clinically relevant and potentially prognostic features of pancreatitis in dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12467","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,1]],"date-time":"2014-10-01T11:41:08Z","timestamp":1412163668000},"page":"97-103","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Computed Tomographic Angiography under Sedation in the Diagnosis of Suspected Canine Pancreatitis: A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"A.M.","family":"Adrian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Colorado State University Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, , Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D.C.","family":"Twedt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colorado State University Department of Clinical Sciences, , Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.L.","family":"Kraft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colorado State University Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, , Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.J.","family":"Marolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colorado State University Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, , Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020304420318900_jvim12467-bib-0001","first-page":"363","article-title":"Retrospektive Studie zur Pathologie der Erkrankungen des exokrinen Pankreas bei Hund und Katze","volume":"45","author":"H\u00e4nichen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Tier\u00e4rztliche Umschau"},{"key":"2026020304420318900_jvim12467-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870601800119","article-title":"Histologic assessment and grading of the exocrine pancreas in the dog","volume":"18","author":"Newman","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"key":"2026020304420318900_jvim12467-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2007.00448.x","article-title":"Prevalence and breed distribution of chronic pancreatitis at post-mortem examination in first-opinion dogs","volume":"48","author":"Watson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026020304420318900_jvim12467-bib-0004","first-page":"158","volume":"101","author":"Steiner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Is it pancreatitis? Vet Med"},{"key":"2026020304420318900_jvim12467-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.67.1.84","article-title":"Serum lipase activities and pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity concentrations in dogs with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency","volume":"67","author":"Steiner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026020304420318900_jvim12467-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.5326\/0460229","article-title":"Association between serum triglyceride and canine pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity concentrations in miniature schnauzers","volume":"46","author":"Xenoulis","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"key":"2026020304420318900_jvim12467-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2012.00951.x","article-title":"A multi-institutional study evaluating the diagnostic utility of the Spec cPL\u2122 and SNAP\u00ae cPL\u2122 in clinical acute pancreatitis in 84 dogs","volume":"26","author":"McCord","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020304420318900_jvim12467-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1998.213.05.665","article-title":"Clinical, clinicopathologic, radiographic, and ultrasonographic abnormalities in dogs with fatal acute pancreatitis: 70 cases (1986-1995)","volume":"213","author":"Hess","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020304420318900_jvim12467-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.suc.2007.08.005","article-title":"Radiologic assessment of acute and chronic pancreatitis","volume":"87","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Surg Clin NA"},{"key":"2026020304420318900_jvim12467-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sult.2008.06.009","article-title":"Imaging assessment of acute pancreatitis: A review","volume":"29","author":"Scaglione","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin Ultrasound CT MR"},{"key":"2026020304420318900_jvim12467-bib-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60107-5","article-title":"Acute pancreatitis","volume":"371","author":"Frossard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026020304420318900_jvim12467-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2008.04.013","article-title":"Acute pancreatitis: Etiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and therapy","volume":"92","author":"Cappell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"2026020304420318900_jvim12467-bib-0013","first-page":"283","article-title":"Imaging and clinical prognostic indicators of acute pancreatitis: A comparative insight","volume":"40","author":"Wahab","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Gastroenterol Latinoam"},{"key":"2026020304420318900_jvim12467-bib-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-010-0093-4","article-title":"Advanced imaging of chronic pancreatitis","volume":"12","author":"Choueiri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Gastroenterol Rep"},{"key":"2026020304420318900_jvim12467-bib-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1097\/mpa.0b013e31802d4136","article-title":"Extrapancreatic inflammation on abdominal computed tomography as an early predictor of disease severity in acute pancreatitis: Evaluation of a new scoring system","volume":"34","author":"De Waele","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pancreas"},{"key":"2026020304420318900_jvim12467-bib-0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2007.01.015","article-title":"Staging of severity and prognosis of acute pancreatitis by computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging-a comparative study","volume":"39","author":"Arvanitakis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"key":"2026020304420318900_jvim12467-bib-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s10140-011-1001-4","article-title":"The revised Atlanta classification for acute pancreatitis: A CT imaging guide for radiologists","volume":"19","author":"Sheu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerg Radiol"},{"key":"2026020304420318900_jvim12467-bib-0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(02)00044-1","article-title":"Imaging of chronic pancreatitis","volume":"40","author":"Remer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Radiol Clin North Am"},{"key":"2026020304420318900_jvim12467-bib-0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2006.00139.x","article-title":"Helical computed tomographic angiography of the normal canine pancreas","volume":"47","author":"C\u00e1ceres","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound"},{"key":"2026020304420318900_jvim12467-bib-0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2005.00053.x","article-title":"Endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography in dogs with chronic gastrointestinal problems","volume":"46","author":"Spillmann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound"},{"key":"2026020304420318900_jvim12467-bib-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.1985.tb01111.x","article-title":"Pancreatic ultrasonography in dogs with experimentally induced acute pancreatitis*","volume":"2","author":"Murtaugh","year":"1985","journal-title":"Vet Radiol"},{"key":"2026020304420318900_jvim12467-bib-0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.1983.tb00729.x","article-title":"Ultrasonic features of experimentally induced, acute pancreatitis in the dog","volume":"24","author":"Nyland","year":"1983","journal-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound"},{"key":"2026020304420318900_jvim12467-bib-0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.1995.tb00234.x","article-title":"Ultrasonographic findings in cholecystokinin-induced pancreatitis in dogs","volume":"36","author":"Lamb","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound"},{"key":"2026020304420318900_jvim12467-bib-0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1993.203.05.673","article-title":"Risk factors associated with acute pancreatitis in dogs: 101 cases (1985-1990)","volume":"203","author":"Cook","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020304420318900_jvim12467-bib-0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2004.tb02572.x","article-title":"Localization of pancreatic inflammation and necrosis in dogs","volume":"18","author":"Newman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020304420318900_jvim12467-bib-0026","first-page":"583","article-title":"Ultrasonography of the pancreas","volume":"3","author":"Saunders","year":"1991","journal-title":"Probl Vet Med"},{"key":"2026020304420318900_jvim12467-bib-0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1999.214.01.46","article-title":"Evaluation of risk factors for fatal acute pancreatitis in dogs","volume":"214","author":"Hess","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020304420318900_jvim12467-bib-0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.74.3.433","article-title":"Ultrasonographic measurement of the pancreas and pancreatic duct in clinically normal dogs","volume":"74","author":"Penninck","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026020304420318900_jvim12467-bib-0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2003.tb01453.x","article-title":"Combined use of ultrasonography and contrast enhanced computed tomography to evaluate acute necrotizing pancreatitis in two dogs","volume":"44","author":"Jaeger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound"},{"key":"2026020304420318900_jvim12467-bib-0030","first-page":"586","volume-title":"A clinically based classification system for acute pancreatitis","author":"Bradley","year":"1993"},{"key":"2026020304420318900_jvim12467-bib-0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.183.5.1831261","article-title":"A modified CT severity index for evaluating acute pancreatitis: Improved correlation with patient outcome","volume":"183","author":"Mortele","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"2026020304420318900_jvim12467-bib-0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199404283301706","article-title":"Acute pancreatitis","volume":"330","author":"Steinberg","year":"1994","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026020304420318900_jvim12467-bib-0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.37.1.121","article-title":"Factors influencing morbidity and mortality in acute pancreatitis; an analysis of 279 cases","volume":"37","author":"de Beaux","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2026020304420318900_jvim12467-bib-0034","first-page":"1214","article-title":"Veterinary diagnostic imaging","volume":"47","author":"Hylands","year":"2006","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"2026020304420318900_jvim12467-bib-0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1097\/00006676-200008000-00004","article-title":"Vascular complications in acute pancreatitis assessed by color duplex ultrasonography","volume":"21","author":"D\u00f6rffel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pancreas"},{"key":"2026020304420318900_jvim12467-bib-0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2012.00893.x","article-title":"Portal vein thrombosis in 33 dogs: 1998\u20132011","volume":"26","author":"Respess","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fjvim.12467","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fjvim.12467","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/29\/1\/97\/66688294\/jvim12467.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/29\/1\/97\/66688294\/jvim12467.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T09:42:14Z","timestamp":1770111734000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article\/29\/1\/97\/8452624"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvim.12467","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]]}}}