{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T13:25:14Z","timestamp":1791638714137,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,1]],"date-time":"2015-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1425168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Increased plasma potassium concentrations (K+) in neonatal calves with diarrhea are associated with acidemia and severe clinical dehydration and are therefore usually corrected by intravenous administration of fluids containing sodium bicarbonate.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To identify clinical and laboratory variables that are associated with changes of plasma K+ during the course of treatment and to document the plasma potassium-lowering effect of hypertonic (8.4%) sodium bicarbonate solutions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Seventy-one neonatal diarrheic calves.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prospective cohort study. Calves were treated according to a clinical protocol using an oral electrolyte solution and commercially available packages of 8.4% sodium bicarbonate (250\u2013750\u00a0mmol), 0.9% saline (5\u201310\u00a0L), and 40% dextrose (0.5\u00a0L) infusion solutions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Infusions with 8.4% sodium bicarbonate solutions in an amount of 250\u2013750\u00a0mmol had an immediate and sustained plasma potassium-lowering effect. One hour after the end of such infusions or the start of a sodium bicarbonate containing constant drip infusion, changes of plasma K+ were most closely correlated to changes of venous blood pH, plasma sodium concentrations and plasma volume (r\u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.73, \u22120.57, \u22120.53; P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a0.001). Changes of plasma K+ during the subsequent 23\u00a0hours were associated with changes of venous blood pH, clinical hydration status (enophthalmos) and serum creatinine concentrations (r\u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.71, 0.63, 0.62; P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a0.001).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study emphasizes the importance of alkalinization and the correction of dehydration in the treatment of hyperkalemia in neonatal calves with diarrhea.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12537","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,29]],"date-time":"2015-01-29T23:58:25Z","timestamp":1422575905000},"page":"696-704","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Effects of Alkalinization and Rehydration on Plasma Potassium Concentrations in Neonatal Calves with Diarrhea"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"F.M.","family":"Trefz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich , Oberschlei\u00dfheim,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Lorch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich , Oberschlei\u00dfheim,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Zitzl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich , Oberschlei\u00dfheim,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Kutschke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich , Oberschlei\u00dfheim,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Knubben-Schweizer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich , Oberschlei\u00dfheim,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Lorenz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin , Dublin 4,","place":["Ireland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020600220254700_jvim12537-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1992.tb00354.x","article-title":"Hyperkalemic atrial standstill in neonatal calf diarrhea","volume":"6","author":"Weldon","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020600220254700_jvim12537-bib-0002","first-page":"99","article-title":"Diarrheic induced changes in intracellular and extracellular ion concentrations in neonatal calves","volume":"4","author":"Lewis","year":"1973","journal-title":"Ann Rech V\u00e9t\u00e9r"},{"key":"2026020600220254700_jvim12537-bib-0003","first-page":"171","article-title":"Assessment of electrocardiographic findings, serum nitric oxide, cardiac troponins and some enzymes in calves with hyperkaliemia related to neonatal diarrhoea","volume":"162","author":"\u00d6zkan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Revue M\u00e9d V\u00e9t"},{"key":"2026020600220254700_jvim12537-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2012.07.002","article-title":"The prevalence and clinical relevance of hyperkalaemia in calves with neonatal diarrhoea","volume":"195","author":"Trefz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026020600220254700_jvim12537-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0720(15)30166-3","article-title":"Treatment of potassium balance disorders","volume":"15","author":"Sweeney","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026020600220254700_jvim12537-bib-0006","first-page":"132","volume-title":"Recent Developments and Perspectives in Bovine Medicine: Keynote Lectures of the 22nd World Buiatrics Congress; 2002 Aug 18\u201323; Hannover, Germany","author":"Constable","year":"2002"},{"key":"2026020600220254700_jvim12537-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7234","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2013-6945","article-title":"Hyperkalemia in neonatal diarrheic calves depends on the degree of dehydration and the cause of the metabolic acidosis but does not require the presence of acidemia","volume":"96","author":"Trefz","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2026020600220254700_jvim12537-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2007.0029.x","article-title":"Clinical efficacy of intravenous hypertonic saline solution or hypertonic bicarbonate solution in the treatment of inappetent calves with neonatal diarrhea","volume":"22","author":"Koch","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020600220254700_jvim12537-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.236.10.1098","article-title":"Comparison of the effects of intravenous administration of isotonic and hypertonic sodium bicarbonate solutions on venous acid-base status in dehydrated calves with strong ion acidosis","volume":"236","author":"Coskun","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020600220254700_jvim12537-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-8-238","article-title":"Construction and validation of a decision tree for treating metabolic acidosis in calves with neonatal diarrhea","volume":"8","author":"Trefz","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"2026020600220254700_jvim12537-bib-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2012.11.002","article-title":"Hyperkalemia in diarrheic calves: Implications for diagnosis and treatment","volume":"195","author":"Constable","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026020600220254700_jvim12537-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1177\/0885066605278969","article-title":"Hyperkalemia: A review","volume":"20","author":"Evans","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"2026020600220254700_jvim12537-bib-0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5646","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2011-4510","article-title":"Plasma potassium-lowering effect of oral glucose, sodium bicarbonate, and the combination thereof in healthy neonatal dairy calves","volume":"94","author":"Gr\u00fcnberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2026020600220254700_jvim12537-bib-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2011.00848.x","article-title":"Metabolic acidosis in neonatal calf diarrhea-clinical findings and theoretical assessment of a simple treatment protocol","volume":"26","author":"Trefz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020600220254700_jvim12537-bib-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1972.33.1.154","article-title":"Algorithms for selected blood acid-base and blood gas calculations","volume":"33","author":"Thomas","year":"1972","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2026020600220254700_jvim12537-bib-0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s00580-003-0499-6","article-title":"Determination of D-lactate in calf serum samples\u2014An automated enzymatic assay","volume":"12","author":"Lorenz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Comp Clin Path"},{"key":"2026020600220254700_jvim12537-bib-0017","first-page":"41","article-title":"Methode zur quantitativen Bestimmung von L (+)-Lactat mittels Lactat-Dehydrogenase und Glutamat-Pyruvat-Transaminase","volume":"346","author":"Noll","year":"1966","journal-title":"Biochem Z"},{"key":"2026020600220254700_jvim12537-bib-0018","first-page":"882","volume-title":"Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals","author":"Kaneko","year":"2008"},{"key":"2026020600220254700_jvim12537-bib-0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3109\/00365517709098927","article-title":"The van Slyke equation","volume":"146","author":"Siggaard-Andersen","year":"1977","journal-title":"Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl"},{"key":"2026020600220254700_jvim12537-bib-0020","first-page":"581","article-title":"Use of a quantitative strong ion approach to determine the mechanism for acid-base abnormalities in sick calves with or without diarrhea","volume":"19","author":"Constable","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020600220254700_jvim12537-bib-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1972.33.1.55","article-title":"Disproportional changes in hematocrit, plasma volume, and proteins during exercise and bed rest","volume":"33","author":"Van Beaumont","year":"1972","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2026020600220254700_jvim12537-bib-0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2011040414","article-title":"Effects of pH on potassium: New explanations for old observations","volume":"22","author":"Aronson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2026020600220254700_jvim12537-bib-0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2014.03.001","article-title":"Acid-base assessment: When and how to apply the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation and strong ion difference theory","volume":"30","author":"Constable","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026020600220254700_jvim12537-bib-0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.1997.tb03713.x","article-title":"Alkalinization is ineffective for severe hyperkalemia in nonnephrectomized dogs","volume":"4","author":"Kaplan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"2026020600220254700_jvim12537-bib-0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(88)80086-X","article-title":"Effect of various\u00a0therapeutic approaches on plasma potassium and major regulating factors in terminal renal failure","volume":"85","author":"Blumberg","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2026020600220254700_jvim12537-bib-0026","first-page":"297","article-title":"Effect of hypertonic versus isotonic sodium bicarbonate on plasma potassium concentration in patients with end-stage renal disease","volume":"17","author":"Gutierrez","year":"1991","journal-title":"Miner Electrolyte Metab"},{"key":"2026020600220254700_jvim12537-bib-0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-198109000-00002","article-title":"Internal potassium balance and the control of the plasma potassium concentration","volume":"60","author":"Sterns","year":"1981","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"2026020600220254700_jvim12537-bib-0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1159\/000188917","article-title":"Combined effect of bicarbonate and insulin with glucose in acute therapy of hyperkalemia in end-stage renal disease patients","volume":"72","author":"Kim","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"2026020600220254700_jvim12537-bib-0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F95","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.2001.280.1.F95","article-title":"Short-term K+ deprivation provokes insulin resistance of cellular K+ uptake revealed with the K+ clamp","volume":"280","author":"Choi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"key":"2026020600220254700_jvim12537-bib-0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1957.02980090013004","article-title":"Serum potassium concentration as a guide to potassium need","volume":"164","author":"Burnell","year":"1957","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fjvim.12537","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fjvim.12537","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/29\/2\/696\/66689389\/jvim12537.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/29\/2\/696\/66689389\/jvim12537.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T05:22:10Z","timestamp":1770355330000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article\/29\/2\/696\/8452558"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,1]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvim.12537","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,1]]}}}