{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T01:13:25Z","timestamp":1787620405004,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3992,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Toby's Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Levetiracetam (LEV) is a common add-on antiepileptic drug (AED) in dogs with refractory seizures. Concurrent phenobarbital administration alters the disposition of LEV in healthy dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis\/Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of LEV in dogs with epilepsy when administered concurrently with conventional AEDs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eighteen client-owned dogs on maintenance treatment with LEV and phenobarbital (PB group, n\u00a0=\u00a06), LEV and bromide (BR group, n\u00a0=\u00a06) or LEV, phenobarbital and bromide (PB\u2013BR group, n\u00a0=\u00a06).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prospective pharmacokinetic study. Blood samples were collected at 0, 1, 2, 4, and 6\u00a0hours after LEV administration. Plasma LEV concentrations were determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography. To account for dose differences among dogs, LEV concentrations were normalized to the mean study dose (26.4\u00a0mg\/kg). Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed on adjusted concentrations, using a noncompartmental method, and area-under-the-curve (AUC) calculated to the last measured time point.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compared to the PB and PB\u2013BR groups, the BR group had significantly higher peak concentration (Cmax) (73.4\u00a0\u00b1\u00a024.0 versus 37.5\u00a0\u00b1\u00a013.7 and 26.5\u00a0\u00b1\u00a08.96\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL, respectively, P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a0.001) and AUC (329\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0114 versus 140\u00a0\u00b1\u00a064.7 and 98.7\u00a0\u00b1\u00a042.2\u00a0h*\u03bcg\/mL, respectively, P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a0.001), and significantly lower clearance (CL\/F) (71.8\u00a0\u00b1\u00a022.1 versus 187\u00a0\u00b1\u00a081.9 and 269\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0127\u00a0mL\/h\/kg, respectively, P\u00a0=\u00a0.028).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Concurrent administration of PB alone or in combination with bromide increases LEV clearance in epileptic dogs compared to concurrent administration of bromide alone. Dosage increases might be indicated when utilizing LEV as add-on treatment with phenobarbital in dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12548","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,25]],"date-time":"2015-02-25T06:38:30Z","timestamp":1424846310000},"page":"614-619","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Effect of Chronic Administration of Phenobarbital, or Bromide, on Pharmacokinetics of Levetiracetam in Dogs with Epilepsy"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"K.R.","family":"Mu\u00f1ana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University Department of Clinical Sciences, , Raleigh, NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.A.","family":"Nettifee-Osborne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University Department of Clinical Sciences, , Raleigh, NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.G.","family":"Papich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, , Raleigh, NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020600214677400_jvim12548-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1177\/1756285608094212","article-title":"Is levetiracetam different from other antiepileptic drugs? 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