{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T16:01:59Z","timestamp":1787500919659,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3808,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Comparative Neuromuscular Laboratory, University of California, San Diego"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Acquired myasthenia gravis (MG) in cats most commonly causes generalized weakness without megaesophagus and is more often associated with a cranial mediastinal mass, compared to dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis\/Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To extend the clinical findings described in the report of 2000 on MG in cats (J Am Vet Med Assoc 215:55\u201357).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two hundred and thirty-five cats with MG.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective case study to evaluate the long-term outcome and incidence of spontaneous remission in myasthenic cats. Information including signalment, clinical presentation, presence of and type of cranial mediastinal mass, treatment including surgical versus medical, survival time, and outcome including spontaneous remissions was collected and analyzed in cats diagnosed at the Comparative Neuromuscular Laboratory, University of California San Diego by detection of acetylcholine receptor antibody titers &amp;gt;0.3\u00a0nmol\/L by immunoprecipitation radioimmunosassay.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Acquired MG in cats is associated with a euthanasia rate of 58%. Abyssinian and Somali cats had an increased incidence of MG compared to mixed breed cats or cats of other breeds. A cranial mediastinal mass, most commonly thymoma, was observed in 52% of the cats, which is higher than in the previous report. Spontaneous remission is not a characteristic of MG in cats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and clinical importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Myasthenia gravis in cats is a chronic disease associated with a high incidence of a cranial mediastinal mass. Spontaneous remission is not common and clinicians should warn owners of the necessity for long-term treatment. The clinical outcome with a cranial mediastinal mass did not differ between surgical or medical treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.13596","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,26]],"date-time":"2015-08-26T10:30:00Z","timestamp":1440585000000},"page":"1307-1312","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Risk Factors and Outcomes in Cats with Acquired Myasthenia Gravis (2001\u20132012)"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"D.W.","family":"Hague","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois , Urbana, IL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.D.","family":"Humphries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of California Department of Pathology, , San Diego, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.A.","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois , Urbana, IL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.D.","family":"Shelton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of California Department of Pathology, , San Diego, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020304473036900_jvim13596-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(200004)23:4<453::AID-MUS3>3.0.CO;2-O","article-title":"Acetylcholine receptors and myasthenia","volume":"23","author":"Lindstrom","year":"2000","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"2026020304473036900_jvim13596-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1997.211.11.1428","article-title":"Risk factors for acquired myasthenia gravis in dogs: 1154 cases (1991\u20131995)","volume":"211","author":"Shelton","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020304473036900_jvim13596-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2000.216.55","article-title":"Risk factors for acquired myasthenia gravis in cats: 105 cases (1986\u20131998)","volume":"216","author":"Shelton","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020304473036900_jvim13596-bib-0004","first-page":"933","article-title":"Antibody to acetylcholine receptor in myasthenia gravis","volume":"51","author":"Lindstrom","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2026020304473036900_jvim13596-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-165X.2010.00244.x","article-title":"Routine and specialized laboratory testing for the diagnosis of neuromuscular diseases in dogs and cat","volume":"39","author":"Shelton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Clin Pathol"},{"key":"2026020304473036900_jvim13596-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.86.19.562","article-title":"Myasthenia gravis in a cat","volume":"85","author":"Dawson","year":"1970","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"2026020304473036900_jvim13596-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1990.196.08.1291","article-title":"Acquired myasthenia gravis in a cat with thymoma","volume":"196","author":"Scott-Moncrieff","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020304473036900_jvim13596-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1989.tb01623.x","article-title":"Acquired immune-mediated myasthenia gravis in a cat","volume":"30","author":"Cuddon","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026020304473036900_jvim13596-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1991.tb00543.x","article-title":"Acquired immune-mediated myasthenia gravis in a cat associated with a cystic thymus","volume":"32","author":"O'Dair","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026020304473036900_jvim13596-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1782","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1994.204.11.1782","article-title":"Surgical treatment of thymoma in cats: 12 cases (1987\u20131992)","volume":"204","author":"Gores","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020304473036900_jvim13596-bib-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.232.8.1186","article-title":"Results of excision of thymoma in cats and dogs: 20 cases (1984-2005)","volume":"232","author":"Zitz","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020304473036900_jvim13596-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2011.00648.x","article-title":"Thymoma removal in a cat with acquired myasthenia gravis: A case report and literature review of anesthetic techniques","volume":"38","author":"Shilo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg"},{"key":"2026020304473036900_jvim13596-bib-0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2012.01273.x","article-title":"Immune-mediated myasthenia gravis in a methimazole-treated cat","volume":"53","author":"Bell","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026020304473036900_jvim13596-bib-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1976.tb06987.x","article-title":"A case of myasthenia gravis in a cat","volume":"17","author":"Mason","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026020304473036900_jvim13596-bib-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1988.tb02797.x","article-title":"Myasthenia gravis in the cat","volume":"2","author":"Joseph","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020304473036900_jvim13596-bib-0016","first-page":"440","article-title":"Clinical forms of acquired myasthenia gravis in cats","volume":"21","author":"Ducote","year":"1999","journal-title":"Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet"},{"key":"2026020304473036900_jvim13596-bib-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2012.8.3.161","article-title":"Incidence of thymoma in myasthenia gravis: A systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Mao","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Neurol"},{"key":"2026020304473036900_jvim13596-bib-0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1097\/CND.0b013e318275197c","article-title":"Different characteristic phenotypes according to antibody in myasthenia gravis","volume":"14","author":"Oh","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Neuromuscul Dis"},{"key":"2026020304473036900_jvim13596-bib-0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-1229(84)90250-2","article-title":"Autoimmunity in spontaneous myasthenia gravis in dogs","volume":"31","author":"Garlepp","year":"1984","journal-title":"Clin Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"2026020304473036900_jvim13596-bib-0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ctsap.2005.12.004","article-title":"Medical management of hyperthyroidism","volume":"21","author":"Trepanier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Tech Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026020304473036900_jvim13596-bib-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1984.184.11.1355","article-title":"Clinical and pathological features of thymoma in 15 dogs","volume":"184","author":"Aronsohn","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020304473036900_jvim13596-bib-0022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2014.12304.x","article-title":"Perioperative mortality and long-term survival in 80 dogs and 32 cats undergoing excision of thymic epithelial tumors","volume":"44","author":"Garneau","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"key":"2026020304473036900_jvim13596-bib-0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1007\/s00595-012-0318-2","article-title":"The thymus, thymoma, and myasthenia gravis","volume":"43","author":"Fuji","year":"2013","journal-title":"Surg Today"},{"key":"2026020304473036900_jvim13596-bib-0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1093\/icvts\/ivs263","article-title":"Does surgical debulking for advanced stages of thymoma improve survival?","volume":"15","author":"Attaran","year":"2012","journal-title":"Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg"},{"key":"2026020304473036900_jvim13596-bib-0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(03)00085-8","article-title":"Myasthenia gravis and disorders of neuromuscular transmission","volume":"32","author":"Shelton","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026020304473036900_jvim13596-bib-0026","first-page":"847393","article-title":"Myasthenia gravis: A review of available treatment approaches","volume":"2011","author":"Gilhus","year":"2011","journal-title":"Autoimmune Dis"},{"key":"2026020304473036900_jvim13596-bib-0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1329200","article-title":"Myasthensia gravis","volume":"32","author":"Silvestri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semin Neurol"},{"key":"2026020304473036900_jvim13596-bib-0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1994.205.07.1007","article-title":"Canine thymoma: 23 cases (1980\u20131991)","volume":"205","author":"Atwater","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020304473036900_jvim13596-bib-0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.64.637","article-title":"Thymoma and multiple thymic cysts in a dog with acquired myasthenia gravis","volume":"64","author":"Uchida","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"2026020304473036900_jvim13596-bib-0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.5326\/15473317-32-2-111","article-title":"Focal myasthenia gravis as a paraneoplastic syndrome of canine thymoma: Improvement following thymectomy","volume":"32","author":"Lainesse","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"key":"2026020304473036900_jvim13596-bib-0031","first-page":"63","article-title":"Thymoma and acquired myasthenia gravis in the dog: A case report and review of 13 additional cases","volume":"28","author":"Klebanow","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"key":"2026020304473036900_jvim13596-bib-0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1798","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-013-6880-8","article-title":"Thymectomy: Role in the treatment of myasthenia gravis","volume":"260","author":"Spillane","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"2026020304473036900_jvim13596-bib-0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1177\/0218492311433189","article-title":"Thymoma and myasthenia gravis: Clinical aspects and prognosis","volume":"20","author":"Vachlas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann"},{"key":"2026020304473036900_jvim13596-bib-0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.5326\/15473317-37-5-483","article-title":"Radiotherapy in three suspect cases of feline thymoma","volume":"37","author":"Kaser-Holt","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"key":"2026020304473036900_jvim13596-bib-0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2008.04.070","article-title":"Postthymectomy myasthenia gravis: Relationship with thymoma and antiacetylcholine receptor antibody","volume":"86","author":"Nakajima","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Thor Surg"},{"key":"2026020304473036900_jvim13596-bib-0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2139","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.11.2139","article-title":"Spontaneous remission in canine myasthensia gravis: Implications for assessing human MG therapies","volume":"57","author":"Shelton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2026020304473036900_jvim13596-bib-0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2010.03017.x","article-title":"Course and prognosis of myasthenia gravis: A systemic review","volume":"7","author":"Mao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"2026020304473036900_jvim13596-bib-0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2010.05.018","article-title":"Myasthenia gravis appearing after thymectomy","volume":"18","author":"Sun","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"2026020304473036900_jvim13596-bib-0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000254620.45529.97","article-title":"Clinical comparison of anti-MuSK- vs anti-AChR-positive and seronegative myasthenia gravis","volume":"68","author":"Deymeer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2026020304473036900_jvim13596-bib-0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2012.06.013","article-title":"The predictive value of the presence of different antibodies and thymus pathology to the clinical outcome in patients with generalized myasthenia gravis","volume":"115","author":"Nikolic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"2026020304473036900_jvim13596-bib-0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.5326\/15473317-37-5-489","article-title":"Radiation therapy in the treatment of canine and feline thymomas: A retrospective study (1985\u20131999)","volume":"37","author":"Smith","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fjvim.13596","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jvim.13596","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jvim.13596","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/29\/5\/1307\/66687745\/jvim13596.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/29\/5\/1307\/66687745\/jvim13596.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T09:47:41Z","timestamp":1770112061000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article\/29\/5\/1307\/8452531"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvim.13596","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]]}}}