{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T09:20:52Z","timestamp":1793697652465,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":129,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3626,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This report represents a scientific and working clinical consensus statement on seizure management in dogs based on current literature and clinical expertise. The goal was to establish guidelines for a predetermined, concise, and logical sequential approach to chronic seizure management starting with seizure identification and diagnosis (not included in this report), reviewing decision-making, treatment strategies, focusing on issues related to chronic antiepileptic drug treatment response and monitoring, and guidelines to enhance patient response and quality of life. Ultimately, we hope to provide a foundation for ongoing and future clinical epilepsy research in veterinary medicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.13841","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,22]],"date-time":"2016-02-22T01:25:00Z","timestamp":1456104300000},"page":"477-490","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":117,"title":["2015 ACVIM Small Animal Consensus Statement on Seizure Management in Dogs"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Podell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medvet Chicago, Medical and Cancer Centers for Pets , Chicago, IL"},{"name":"Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago Department of Neurosurgery, , Chicago, IL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.A.","family":"Volk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Small Animal Medicine and Surgery Group, The Royal Veterinary College Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, , Hatfield, Hertfordshire,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Berendt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen Department of Veterinary and Clinical Animal Sciences, , Copenhagen,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W.","family":"L\u00f6scher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Pharmacology, , Hannover,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Center for Systems Neuroscience , Hannover,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Mu\u00f1ana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University Department of Clinical Sciences, , Raleigh, NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.E.","family":"Patterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, , St. Paul, MN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.R.","family":"Platt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery, , Athens, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2007.tb03017.x","article-title":"Premature death, risk factors, and life patterns in dogs with epilepsy","volume":"21","author":"Berendt","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12328","article-title":"Evaluation of quality of life in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy","volume":"28","author":"Wessmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-015-0461-2","article-title":"International veterinary epilepsy task force consensus report on epilepsy definition, classification and terminology in companion animals","volume":"11","author":"Berendt","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-015-0465-y","article-title":"International veterinary epilepsy task force consensus proposal: outcome of therapeutic interventions in canine and feline epilepsy","volume":"11","author":"Potschka","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd4126","article-title":"New avenues for anti-epileptic drug discovery and development","volume":"12","author":"Loscher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-015-0466-x","article-title":"International Veterinary Epilepsy Task Force recommendations for a veterinary epilepsy-specific MRI protocol","volume":"11","author":"Rusbridge","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-015-0464-z","article-title":"International Veterinary Epilepsy Task Force consensus proposal: medical treatment of canine epilepsy in Europe","volume":"11","author":"Bhatti","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-014-0257-9","article-title":"Treatment in canine epilepsy\u2013a systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Charalambous","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1556\/avet.56.2008.4.5","article-title":"Retrospective clinical comparison of idiopathic versus symptomatic epilepsy in 240 dogs with seizures","volume":"56","author":"Pakozdy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Vet Hung"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2007.03.003","article-title":"Findings on low-field cranial MR images in epileptic dogs that lack interictal neurological deficits","volume":"176","author":"Smith","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2014.08.008","article-title":"An exploratory study using a statistical approach as a platform for clinical reasoning in canine epilepsy","volume":"202","author":"Armasu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/hta5160","article-title":"How to develop cost-conscious guidelines","volume":"5","author":"Eccles","year":"2001","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0013","volume-title":"Scottish Guidlelines Network","author":"70 SG","year":"2003"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001487","article-title":"Evidence-based guideline: management of an unprovoked first seizure in adults","volume":"84","author":"Krumholz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12074","article-title":"Updated ILAE evidence review of antiepileptic drug efficacy and effectiveness as initial monotherapy for epileptic seizures and syndromes","volume":"54","author":"Glauser","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198208263070903","article-title":"Seizure recurrence after a first unprovoked seizure","volume":"307","author":"Hauser","year":"1982","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1986.tb03499.x","article-title":"Risk of recurrence after an initial unprovoked seizure","volume":"27","author":"Annegers","year":"1986","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2009.06.007","article-title":"Selection of antiepileptic drugs in adults","volume":"27","author":"Stephen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2013.06.009","article-title":"Antiepileptic drug therapy and monitoring","volume":"28","author":"Podell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Top Companion Anim Med"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0020","first-page":"121","volume-title":"The Treatment of Epilepsy","author":"Perrucca","year":"2009","edition":"3rd ed"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2012.03722.x","article-title":"Effect of dosage failed of first antiepileptic drug on subsequent outcome","volume":"54","author":"Brodie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182563b19","article-title":"Patterns of treatment response in newly diagnosed epilepsy","volume":"78","author":"Brodie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2009.02397.x","article-title":"Definition of drug resistant epilepsy: consensus proposal by the ad hoc Task Force of the ILAE Commission on Therapeutic Strategies","volume":"51","author":"Kwan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12633","article-title":"A validation of the new definition of drug-resistant epilepsy by the International League Against Epilepsy","volume":"55","author":"Tellez-Zenteno","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2370","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2007.01260_2.x","article-title":"Drug resistance in epilepsy: why is a simple explanation not enough?","volume":"48","author":"Loscher","year":"2007","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1989.50.08.1343","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of phenobarbital in dogs given multiple doses","volume":"50","author":"Ravis","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1987.48.04.679","article-title":"Pharmacokintics of single doses of phenobarbital given intravenously and orally to dogs","volume":"48","author":"Pedersoli","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.1985.tb00946.x","article-title":"Absorption kinetics and bioavailability of phenobarbital after oral administration to dogs","volume":"8","author":"Al-Tahan","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Therap"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1984.184.09.1117","article-title":"Serum concentrations and efficacy of phenytoin, phenobarbital, and primidone in canine epilepsy","volume":"184","author":"Farnbach","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.1985.tb00934.x","article-title":"Therapeutic efficacy of phenobarbital and primidone in canine epilepsy: a comparison","volume":"8","author":"Schwartz-Porsche","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Therap"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0013-9580.2004.21204.x","article-title":"Anticonvulsant efficacy of the low-affinity partial benzodiazepine receptor agonist ELB 138 in a dog seizure model and in epileptic dogs with spontaneously recurrent seizures","volume":"45","author":"Loscher","year":"2004","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2005.04.003","article-title":"Anticonvulsant activity and tolerance of ELB138 in dogs with epilepsy: a clinical pilot study","volume":"172","author":"Rieck","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.122.15.346","article-title":"Effectiveness of a therapeutic drug monitoring service as an aid to the control of canine seizures","volume":"122","author":"Morton","year":"1988","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.240.9.1073","article-title":"Comparison of phenobarbital with bromide as a first-choice antiepileptic drug for treatment of epilepsy in dogs","volume":"240","author":"Boothe","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12151","article-title":"Clinical efficacy and safety of imepitoin in comparison with phenobarbital for the control of idiopathic epilepsy in dogs","volume":"38","author":"Tipold","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2885.2002.00440.x","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and toxicity of bromide following high-dose oral potassium bromide administration in healthy Beagles","volume":"25","author":"March","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1995.207.02.163","article-title":"Use of bromide as an anticonvulsant for dogs with epilepsy","volume":"207","author":"Trepanier","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0038","first-page":"95","article-title":"Potassium bromide as an adjunct to phenobarbital for the management of uncontrolled seizures in dogs","volume":"1","author":"Pearce","year":"1990","journal-title":"Prog Vet Neurol"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0039","first-page":"395","article-title":"Effectiveness of bromide in therapy resistant epilepsy of dogs","volume":"19","author":"Schwartz-Porsche","year":"1991","journal-title":"Tierarztl Prax"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1993.tb01025.x","article-title":"Bromide therapy in refractory canine idiopathic epilepsy","volume":"7","author":"Podell","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0041","first-page":"14","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of primidone and its active metabolites in the dog","volume":"242","author":"Frey","year":"1979","journal-title":"Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1982.181.06.592","article-title":"Treatment of canine epilepsy with primidone","volume":"181","author":"Schwartz-Porsche","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1984.185.08.867","article-title":"Efficacy of primidone in dogs with seizures unresponsive to phenobarbital","volume":"185","author":"Farnbach","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-013-0129-z","article-title":"The pharmacology of imepitoin: the first partial benzodiazepine receptor agonist developed for the treatment of epilepsy","volume":"28","author":"Rundfeldt","year":"2014","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12117","article-title":"Imepitoin as novel treatment option for canine idiopathic epilepsy: pharmacokinetics, distribution, and metabolism in dogs","volume":"37","author":"Rundfeldt","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-015-0548-9","article-title":"Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of imepitoin in dogs with newly diagnosed epilepsy in a randomized controlled clinical study with long-term follow up","volume":"11","author":"Rundfeldt","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2008.00948.x","article-title":"Intramuscular, intravenous and oral levetiracetam in dogs: safety and pharmacokinetics","volume":"31","author":"Patterson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1528-1157.2001.042007825.x","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of levetiracetam and its enatiomer (R)-alpha-ethyl-2-oxo-pyrrolidine acetamide in dogs","volume":"42","author":"Isoherranen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.5326\/0400285","article-title":"Zonisamide therapy for refractory idiopathic epilepsy in dogs","volume":"40","author":"Dewey","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2006.00290.x","article-title":"Prospective study of zonisamide therapy for refractory idiopathic epilepsy in dogs","volume":"48","author":"von Klopmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2012.680855","article-title":"Zonisamide monotherapy for idiopathic epilepsy in dogs","volume":"60","author":"Chung","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Z Vet J"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780195328547.001.0001","volume-title":"Seizures and Epilepsy","author":"Engel","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2008.01561.x","article-title":"Antiepileptic drugs\u2013best practice guidelines for therapeutic drug monitoring: a position paper by the subcommission on therapeutic drug monitoring. ILAE Commission on Therapeutic Strategies","volume":"49","author":"Patsalos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2000.217.200","article-title":"Effect of timing of blood collection on serum phenobarbital concentrations in dogs with epilepsy","volume":"217","author":"Levitski","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0055","first-page":"86","article-title":"The pharmacokinetics of phenobarbitone in fasting and non-fasting dogs","volume":"61","author":"Thurman","year":"1990","journal-title":"J S Afr Vet Assoc"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2000.217.847","article-title":"Effects of diet on pharmacokinetics of phenobarbital in healthy dogs","volume":"217","author":"Maguire","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.165.19.556","article-title":"Variations in serum concentration of phenobarbitone in dogs receiving regular twice daily doses in relation to the times of administration","volume":"165","author":"Monteiro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1983.182.10.1091","article-title":"Therapeutic serum concentrations of primidone and its metabolites, phenobarbital and phenylethylmalonamide in epileptic dogs","volume":"182","author":"Cunningham","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.71.3.337","article-title":"Levetiracetam pharmacokinetics in healthy dogs following oral administration of single and multiple doses","volume":"71","author":"Moore","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12548","article-title":"Effect of chronic administration of phenobarbital, or bromide, on pharmacokinetics of levetiracetam in dogs with epilepsy","volume":"29","author":"Munana","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2008.00993.x","article-title":"Disposition and safety of zonisamide after intravenous and oral single dose and oral multiple dosing in normal hound dogs","volume":"31","author":"Boothe","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1993.54.07.1136","article-title":"Effects of a 44-day administration of phenobarbital on disposition of clorazepate in dogs","volume":"54","author":"Forrester","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5288(95)90111-6","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic properties of bromide in dogs after intravenous and oral administration of single doses","volume":"58","author":"Trepanier","year":"1995","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1998.213.10.1449","article-title":"Therapeutic serum drug concentrations in epileptic dogs treated with potassium bromide alone or in combination with other anticonvulsants: 122 cases (1992-1996)","volume":"213","author":"Trepanier","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2011.10.003","article-title":"Host factors affecting antiepileptic drug delivery-pharmacokinetic variability","volume":"64","author":"Johannessen Landmark","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2010.01188.x","article-title":"The pharmacokinetics of levetiracetam in healthy dogs concurrently receiving phenobarbital","volume":"34","author":"Moore","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S4063","article-title":"Long-term safety and effectiveness of zonisamide in the treatment of epilepsy: a review of the literature","volume":"5","author":"Zaccara","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2885.2002.00385.x","article-title":"Enzyme and plasma protein induction by multiple oral administrations of phenobarbital at a therapeutic dosage regimen in dogs","volume":"25","author":"Hojo","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2008.00955.x","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of zonisamide and drug interaction with phenobarbital in dogs","volume":"31","author":"Orito","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1979.tb04846.x","article-title":"Relationships between plasma concentrations of diphenylhydantoin, phenobarbital, carbamazepine, and 3-sulfamoylmethyl-1,2-benzisoxazole (AD-810), a new anticonvulsant agent, and their anticonvulsant or neurotoxic effects in experimental animals","volume":"20","author":"Masuda","year":"1979","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0071","first-page":"416","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of zonisamide on human carbonic anhydrase in\u00a0vitro","volume":"43","author":"Masuda","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arzneimittelforschung"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0072","first-page":"S16","article-title":"Idiosyncratic reactions: new methods of identifying high-risk patients","volume":"41","author":"Glauser","year":"2000","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1998.212.05.681","article-title":"Neutropenia and thrombocytopenia in three dogs treated with anticonvulsants","volume":"212","author":"Jacobs","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.102158","article-title":"Phenobarbitone-induced haematological abnormalities in idiopathic epileptic dogs: prevalence, risk factors, clinical presentation and outcome","volume":"175","author":"Bersan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2004.tb00137.x","article-title":"Superficial necrolytic dermatitis in 11 dogs with a history of phenobarbital administration (1995-2002)","volume":"18","author":"March","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1984.184.04.444","article-title":"Compromised hepatic function in dogs treated with anticonvulsant drugs","volume":"184","author":"Bunch","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1985.46.01.105","article-title":"Effects of long-term primidone and phenytoin administration on canine hepatic function and morphology","volume":"46","author":"Bunch","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-165X.2004.tb00376.x","article-title":"Serum alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme profiles in phenobarbital-treated epileptic dogs","volume":"33","author":"Gaskill","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet Clin Pathol"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1994.205.02.315","article-title":"Effects of short-and long-term administration of phenobarbital on endogenous ACTH concentration and results of ACTH stimulation tests in dogs","volume":"205","author":"Dyer","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2000.tb10350.x","article-title":"Effects of phenobarbitone on serum biochemical tests in dogs","volume":"78","author":"Foster","year":"2000","journal-title":"Aust Vet J"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1999.214.12.1804","article-title":"Serum total thyroxine, total triiodothyronine, free thyroxine, and thyrotropin concentrations in epileptic dogs treated with anticonvulsants","volume":"214","author":"Kantrowitz","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1999.215.04.489","article-title":"Effects of phenobarbital treatment on serum thyroxine and thyroid- stimulating hormone concentrations in epileptic dogs","volume":"215","author":"Gaskill","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1991.199.08.1060","article-title":"Hepatotoxicity of phenobarbital in dogs: 18 cases (1985-1989)","volume":"199","author":"Dayrell-Hart","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.240.6.705","article-title":"A systematic review of the safety of potassium bromide in dogs","volume":"240","author":"Baird-Heinz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0085","first-page":"555","article-title":"Pancreatitis associated with potassium bromide\/phenobarbital combination therapy in epileptic dogs","volume":"41","author":"Gaskill","year":"2000","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.234.11.1425","article-title":"Clinical signs, risk factors, and outcomes associated with bromide toxicosis (bromism) in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy","volume":"234","author":"Rossmeisl","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1996.208.02.231","article-title":"Bromide toxicosis secondary to renal insufficiency in an epileptic dog","volume":"208","author":"Nichols","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1985.186.09.978","article-title":"Hepatic cirrhosis associated with long-term primidone therapy in a dog","volume":"186","author":"Poffenbarger","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1974.164.11.1123","article-title":"Effects of long-term primidone therapy in a dog","volume":"164","author":"Jennings","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.h4108","article-title":"Study on the effects of imepitoin on the behaviour of dogs with epilepsy","volume":"177","author":"Packer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0091","author":"Inc UP","year":"2001"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2007.03.002","article-title":"The efficacy and tolerability of levetiracetam in pharmacoresistant epileptic dogs","volume":"176","author":"Volk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2011.00866.x","article-title":"Evaluation of levetiracetam as adjunctive treatment for refractory canine epilepsy: a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial","volume":"26","author":"Munana","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0094","volume-title":"Zonisamide therapy for refractory idiopathic epilepsy in dogs","author":"Dewey","year":"2003"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2011.00783.x","article-title":"Apparent acute idiosyncratic hepatic necrosis associated with zonisamide administration in a dog","volume":"25","author":"Miller","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.11-0164","article-title":"Possible drug-induced hepatopathy in a dog receiving zonisamide monotherapy for treatment of cryptogenic epilepsy","volume":"73","author":"Schwartz","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2011.00801.x","article-title":"Renal tubular acidosis associated with zonisamide therapy in a dog","volume":"25","author":"Cook","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-0590(88)90158-3","article-title":"Chronic toxicity of the anticonvulsant zonisamide in beagle dogs","volume":"11","author":"Walker","year":"1988","journal-title":"Fundam Appl Toxicol"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e106026","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106026","article-title":"Clinical risk factors associated with anti-epileptic drug responsiveness in canine epilepsy","volume":"9","author":"Packer","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0100","first-page":"410","article-title":"Levetiracetam therapy for long term idiopathic epileptic dogs","volume":"18","author":"Steinberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Vet Int Med"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-015-0340-x","article-title":"Assessment into the usage of levetiracetam in a canine epilepsy clinic","volume":"11","author":"Packer","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2010.12.002","article-title":"The chemical neuroanatomy of vagus nerve stimulation","volume":"42","author":"Ruffoli","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Chem Neuroanat"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2011.07214.x","article-title":"Increased hippocampal noradrenaline is a biomarker for efficacy of vagus nerve stimulation in a limbic seizure model","volume":"117","author":"Raedt","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.09.055","article-title":"Non-pharmacological treatment options for refractory epilepsy: an overview of human treatment modalities and their potential utility in dogs","volume":"199","author":"Martle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E12","DOI":"10.3171\/2011.12.FOCUS11328","article-title":"Vagal nerve stimulation for the treatment of medically refractory epilepsy: a review of the current literature","volume":"32","author":"Connor","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1992.tb01751.x","article-title":"Inhibition of experimental seizures in canines by repetitive vagal stimulation","volume":"33","author":"Zabara","year":"1992","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2002.221.977","article-title":"Use of vagal nerve stimulation as a treatment for refractory epilepsy in dogs","volume":"221","author":"Munana","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073813487598","article-title":"How does the ketogenic diet work? Four potential mechanisms","volume":"28","author":"Danial","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spen.2011.06.004","article-title":"Metabolic treatments for intractable epilepsy","volume":"18","author":"Kelley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Semin Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0110","article-title":"Results of ketogenic food trial for dogs with idiopathic epilepsy","volume":"19","author":"Patterson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Vet Int Med"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114510000097","article-title":"Dietary supplementation with median chain TAG has long-lasting cognition-enhancing effects in aged dogs","volume":"103","author":"Pan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1017\/S000711451500313X","article-title":"A randomised trial of a medium-chain TAG diet as treatment for dogs with idiopathic epilepsy","volume":"114","author":"Law","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2011.04.018","article-title":"Effects of essential fatty acid supplementation in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy: a clinical trial","volume":"191","author":"Matthews","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0114","first-page":"CD005062","article-title":"Acupuncture for epilepsy","volume":"5","author":"Cheuk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3727\/036012987816358931","article-title":"Acupuncture therapy for the treatment of intractable, idiopathic epilepsy in five dogs","volume":"12","author":"Klide","year":"1987","journal-title":"Acupunct Electrother Res"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2008.05.019","article-title":"Electroencephalographic evaluation of gold wire implants inserted in acupuncture points in dogs with epileptic seizures","volume":"86","author":"Goiz-Marquez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0117","first-page":"207","article-title":"Gold bead implants","volume":"4","author":"Durkes","year":"1992","journal-title":"Probl Vet Med"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-006-0029-4","article-title":"Use of complementary and alternative medicine in epilepsy","volume":"6","author":"Ricotti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.homp.2006.09.002","article-title":"Clinical management of idiopathic epilepsy in dogs with homeopathic Belladonna 200C: a case series","volume":"96","author":"Varshney","year":"2007","journal-title":"Homeopathy"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5877(03)00010-2","article-title":"Mortality of purebred and mixed-breed dogs in Denmark","volume":"58","author":"Proschowsky","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2014.09.023","article-title":"A cohort study of epilepsy among 665,000 insured dogs: incidence, mortality and survival after diagnosis","volume":"202","author":"Heske","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1782","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12443","article-title":"Risk factors for survival in a university hospital population of dogs with epilepsy","volume":"28","author":"Fredso","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2002.tb02367.x","article-title":"A cross-sectional study of epilepsy in Danish Labrador Retrievers: prevalence and selected risk factors","volume":"16","author":"Berendt","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2012.00977.x","article-title":"A longitudinal study of survival in Belgian Shepherds with genetic epilepsy","volume":"26","author":"Gullov","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2009.0438.x","article-title":"Epilepsy in Border Collies: clinical manifestation, outcome, and mode of inheritance","volume":"24","author":"Hulsmeyer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2011.00853.x","article-title":"Disease progression and treatment response of idiopathic epilepsy in Australian Shepherd dogs","volume":"26","author":"Weissl","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2001.219.618","article-title":"Risk factors for development of status epilepticus in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy and effects of status epilepticus on outcome and survival time: 32 cases (1990-1996)","volume":"219","author":"Saito","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2012.01251.x","article-title":"Canine idiopathic epilepsy: prevalence, risk factors and outcome associated with cluster seizures and status epilepticus","volume":"53","author":"Monteiro","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026020304510705300_jvim13841-bib-0129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2006.00203.x","article-title":"Idiopathic epilepsy in dogs: owners\u2019 perspectives on management with phenobarbitone and\/or potassium bromide","volume":"47","author":"Chang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fjvim.13841","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jvim.13841","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jvim.13841","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/30\/2\/477\/66695397\/jvim13841.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/30\/2\/477\/66695397\/jvim13841.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T09:51:43Z","timestamp":1770112303000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article\/30\/2\/477\/8452814"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,1]]},"references-count":129,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvim.13841","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,1]]}}}