{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T22:28:27Z","timestamp":1789770507844,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3565,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100031492","name":"Kennel Club Charitable Trust","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RG71960"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG71960"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100031492","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A novel test using whole-body barometric plethysmography (WBBP) was developed recently to diagnose brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS) in unsedated French bulldogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis\/Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The hypotheses of this study were: (1) respiratory characteristics are different between healthy nonbrachycephalic dogs and brachycephalic dogs; and among pugs, French bulldogs, and bulldogs; and (2) obesity and stenotic nares are risk factors for BOAS. The main objective was to establish a diagnostic test for BOAS in these 3 breeds.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 266 brachycephalic dogs (100 pugs, 100 French bulldogs, and 66 bulldogs) and 28 nonbrachycephalic dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prospective study. Exercise tolerance tests with respiratory functional grading, and WBBP were performed on all dogs. Data from WBBP were associated with functional grades to train quadratic discriminant analysis tools to assign dogs to BOAS+ and BOAS- groups. A BOAS index (0\u2013100%) was calculated for each dog. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to evaluate classification ability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Minute volume was decreased significantly in asymptomatic pugs (P = .009), French bulldogs (P = .026), and bulldogs (P &amp;lt; .0001) when compared to nonbrachycephalic controls. Respiratory characteristics were different among breeds and affected dogs had a significant increase in trace variation. The BOAS index predicted BOAS status for each breed with 94\u201397% (95% confidence interval [CI], 88.9\u2013100%) accuracy (area under the ROC curve). Both obesity (P = .04) and stenotic nares (P = .004) were significantly associated with BOAS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The WBBP can be used as a clinical tool to diagnose BOAS noninvasively and objectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.13933","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,9]],"date-time":"2016-05-09T13:22:57Z","timestamp":1462800177000},"page":"853-865","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":112,"title":["Whole-Body Barometric Plethysmography Characterizes Upper Airway Obstruction in 3 Brachycephalic Breeds of Dogs"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"N-C.","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cambridge Department of Veterinary Medicine, , Cambridge,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.J.","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vet Epi Ltd. , Birmingham,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Kalmar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cambridge Department of Veterinary Medicine, , Cambridge,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.F.","family":"Ladlow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cambridge Department of Veterinary Medicine, , Cambridge,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.R.","family":"Sargan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cambridge Department of Veterinary Medicine, , Cambridge,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020304515358200_jvim13933-bib-0001","first-page":"2","article-title":"Brachycephalic syndrome \u2013 new information on an old congenital disease","volume":"20","author":"Oechtering","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"2026020304515358200_jvim13933-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s40575-015-0023-8","article-title":"Epidemiological associations between brachycephaly and upper respiratory tract disorders in dogs attending veterinary practices in England","volume":"2","author":"O'Neill","year":"2015","journal-title":"Canine Genet and Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026020304515358200_jvim13933-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7216-8706-3.50044-X","volume-title":"Textbook of Respiratory Disease in Dogs and Cats","author":"Hendricks","year":"2004"},{"key":"2026020304515358200_jvim13933-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1986.47.05.1002","article-title":"Tidal breathing flow-volume loop analysis for clinical assessment of airway obstruction in conscious dogs","volume":"47","author":"Amis","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026020304515358200_jvim13933-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1986.47.10.2200","article-title":"Pattern of breathing in brachycephalic dogs","volume":"47","author":"Amis","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026020304515358200_jvim13933-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01839171","article-title":"Measurement of total respiratory impedance in dogs by the forced oscillation technique","volume":"17","author":"Clercx","year":"1993","journal-title":"Vet Res Commun"},{"key":"2026020304515358200_jvim13933-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00818.2011","article-title":"Novel whole body plethysmography system for the continuous characterization of sleep and breathing in a mouse","volume":"112","author":"Hernandez","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2026020304515358200_jvim13933-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01394.2003","article-title":"Ventilatory behavior during sleep among A\/J and C57BL\/6J mouse strains","volume":"97","author":"Friedman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2026020304515358200_jvim13933-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00785.2001","article-title":"Periodic breathing in the mouse","volume":"92","author":"Han","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"2026020304515358200_jvim13933-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00226.2002","article-title":"Sleep apnea and effect of chemostimulation on breathing instability in mice","volume":"94","author":"Nakamura","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2026020304515358200_jvim13933-bib-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2008.09.009","article-title":"Description of original endoscopic findings and respiratory functional assessment using barometric whole-body plethysmography in dogs suffering from brachycephalic airway obstruction syndrome","volume":"183","author":"Bernaerts","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026020304515358200_jvim13933-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2007.05.025","article-title":"Comparison of barometric whole body plethysmography and its derived parameter enhanced pause (PENH) with conventional respiratory mechanics in healthy beagle dogs","volume":"176","author":"Hirt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026020304515358200_jvim13933-bib-0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2005.09.016","article-title":"Effects of cadmium chloride inhalation on airflow limitation to histamine, carbachol and adenosine 5\u2032-monophosphate assessed by barometric whole body plethysmography in healthy dogs","volume":"173","author":"Hirt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026020304515358200_jvim13933-bib-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1999.60.12.1487","article-title":"Airway reactivity measured by barometric whole-body plethysmography in healthy cats","volume":"60","author":"Hoffman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026020304515358200_jvim13933-bib-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2005.10.007","article-title":"Non-invasive assessment of airway responsiveness in healthy and allergen-sensitised cats by use of barometric whole body plethysmography","volume":"173","author":"Kirschvink","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026020304515358200_jvim13933-bib-0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2005.05.010","article-title":"Non-invasive assessment of growth, gender and time of day related changes of respiratory pattern in healthy cats by use of barometric whole body plethysmography","volume":"172","author":"Kirschvink","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026020304515358200_jvim13933-bib-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X13515461","article-title":"Functional assessment of expiratory flow pattern in feline lower airway disease","volume":"16","author":"Lin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"2026020304515358200_jvim13933-bib-0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0130741","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0130741","article-title":"Characterisation of brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome in french bulldogs using whole-body barometric plethysmography","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2026020304515358200_jvim13933-bib-0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2011.10.013","article-title":"Effects of obesity on lung function and airway reactivity in healthy dogs","volume":"193","author":"Manens","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026020304515358200_jvim13933-bib-0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2005.04.019","article-title":"Evaluation of respiratory function by barometric whole-body plethysmography in healthy dogs","volume":"172","author":"Talavera","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026020304515358200_jvim13933-bib-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2007.10.004","article-title":"Characterisation of the acute and reversible airway inflammation induced by cadmium chloride inhalation in healthy dogs and evaluation of the effects of salbutamol and prednisolone","volume":"179","author":"Bolognin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026020304515358200_jvim13933-bib-0022","first-page":"18","article-title":"Brachycephalic airway obstruction syndrome: A review of 118 cases","volume":"22","author":"Lorinson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Canine Pract"},{"key":"2026020304515358200_jvim13933-bib-0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2009.08.033","article-title":"Inherited defects in pedigree dogs. Part 1: Disorders related to breed standards","volume":"182","author":"Asher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026020304515358200_jvim13933-bib-0024","first-page":"1","article-title":"Gender, weight, and age effects on prevalence of caudal aberrant nasal turbinates in clinically healthy English bulldogs: A computed tomographic study and classification","volume":"56","author":"Grosso","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound"},{"key":"2026020304515358200_jvim13933-bib-0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-10-12","article-title":"Glottic and skull indices in canine brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Caccamo","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"2026020304515358200_jvim13933-bib-0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1622615","article-title":"Computed tomographic imaging of the nose in brachycephalic dog breeds","volume":"35","author":"Oechtering","year":"2007","journal-title":"Tier\u00e4rztliche Praxis Kleintiere"},{"key":"2026020304515358200_jvim13933-bib-0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.5326\/0440243","article-title":"Nasopharyngeal turbinates in brachycephalic dogs and cats","volume":"44","author":"Ginn","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"key":"2026020304515358200_jvim13933-bib-0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-5991","article-title":"Inside the brachycephalic nose: Intranasal mucosal contact points","volume":"50","author":"Schuenemann","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"key":"2026020304515358200_jvim13933-bib-0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1987.63.4.1344","article-title":"The English bulldog: A natural model of sleep-disordered breathing","volume":"63","author":"Hendricks","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2026020304515358200_jvim13933-bib-0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0137496","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137496","article-title":"Impact of facial conformation on canine health: Brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Packer","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2026020304515358200_jvim13933-bib-0031","first-page":"10","article-title":"Development and validation of a body condition score system for dogs","volume":"22","author":"Laflamme","year":"1997","journal-title":"Canine Pract"},{"key":"2026020304515358200_jvim13933-bib-0032","first-page":"127","volume-title":"An introduction to Statistical Learning with Applications in R","author":"James","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026020304515358200_jvim13933-bib-0033","volume-title":"UK: Dog breeds-registration statistics in the UK","author":"The Kennel Club","year":"2005"},{"key":"2026020304515358200_jvim13933-bib-0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2005.tb00320.x","article-title":"Prevalence of gastrointestinal tract lesions in 73 brachycephalic dogs with upper respiratory syndrome","volume":"46","author":"Poncet","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026020304515358200_jvim13933-bib-0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2006.00057.x","article-title":"Long-term results of upper respiratory syndrome surgery and gastrointestinal tract medical treatment in 51 brachycephalic dogs","volume":"47","author":"Poncet","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026020304515358200_jvim13933-bib-0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12299","article-title":"Pro-coagulant thromboelastographic features in the bulldog","volume":"56","author":"Hoareau","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026020304515358200_jvim13933-bib-0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12393","article-title":"Hypomagnesemia in brachycephalic dogs","volume":"28","author":"Mellema","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020304515358200_jvim13933-bib-0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2012.00941.x","article-title":"Evaluation of arterial blood gases and arterial blood pressures in brachycephalic dogs","volume":"26","author":"Hoareau","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020304515358200_jvim13933-bib-0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00694.2009","article-title":"Physiology of obesity and effects on lung function","volume":"108","author":"Salome","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2026020304515358200_jvim13933-bib-0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-8425.2003.00081.x","article-title":"Contribution of obesity and craniofacial abnormalities to pharyngeal collapsibility in patients with obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"2","author":"Isono","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sleep Biol Rhythms"},{"key":"2026020304515358200_jvim13933-bib-0041","first-page":"126","article-title":"The effect of obesity markers on peak expiratory flow rate in young saudi adults","volume":"2","author":"Farooq","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med Res Chron"},{"key":"2026020304515358200_jvim13933-bib-0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.4072","article-title":"Tongue fat and its relationship to obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"37","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"2026020304515358200_jvim13933-bib-0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1089\/met.2013.0093","article-title":"Neck circumference is a predictor of metabolic syndrome and obstructive sleep apnea in short-sleeping obese men and women","volume":"12","author":"Cizza","year":"2014","journal-title":"Metab Syndr Relat Disord"},{"key":"2026020304515358200_jvim13933-bib-0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2008.10.006","article-title":"Neck circumference as a measure of central obesity: Associations with metabolic syndrome and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome beyond waist circumference","volume":"28","author":"Onat","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026020304515358200_jvim13933-bib-0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.93.05040377","article-title":"Differences in abdominal and neck circumferences in patients with and without obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"5","author":"Hoffstein","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2026020304515358200_jvim13933-bib-0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.157.1.9703018","article-title":"Neck and total body fat deposition in nonobese and obese patients with sleep apnea compared with that in control subjects","volume":"157","author":"Mortimore","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026020304515358200_jvim13933-bib-0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1988.64.2.789","article-title":"Upper airway pressure-flow relationships in obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"64","author":"Smith","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2026020304515358200_jvim13933-bib-0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/717419","article-title":"Nasal involvement in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome","volume":"2014","author":"Michels","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Otolaryngol"},{"key":"2026020304515358200_jvim13933-bib-0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1126\/science.169.3950.1102","article-title":"Panting in dogs: Unidirectional air flow over evaporative surfaces","volume":"169","author":"Schmidt-Nielsen","year":"1970","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026020304515358200_jvim13933-bib-0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(81)90113-4","article-title":"Panting in dogs: Paths of air flow in response to heat and exercise","volume":"43","author":"Goldberg","year":"1981","journal-title":"Respir Physiol"},{"key":"2026020304515358200_jvim13933-bib-0051","first-page":"201","volume-title":"Using Whole-Body Barometric Plethysmography to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Upper Airway Surgery for Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome in French Bulldogs","author":"Liu","year":"2015"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fjvim.13933","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fjvim.13933","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jvim.13933","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jvim.13933","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/30\/3\/853\/66695220\/jvim13933.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/30\/3\/853\/66695220\/jvim13933.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T09:52:07Z","timestamp":1770112327000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article\/30\/3\/853\/8452813"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,1]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvim.13933","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,1]]}}}