{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T01:50:31Z","timestamp":1783993831023,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3504,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"AgriLife","award":["TEXV 6579"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TEXV 6579"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the United States, Tick-Borne Relapsing Fever (TBRF) in dogs is caused by the spirochete bacteria Borrelia turicatae and Borrelia hermsii, transmitted by Ornithodoros spp. ticks. The hallmark diagnostic feature of this infection is the visualization of numerous spirochetes during standard blood smear examination. Although the course of spirochetemia has not been fully characterized in dogs, in humans infected with TBRF the episodes of spirochetemia and fever are intermittent.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To describe TBRF in dogs by providing additional case reports and reviewing the disease in veterinary and human medicine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Five cases of privately-owned dogs naturally infected with TBRF in Texas are reviewed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Case series and literature review.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All dogs were examined because of lethargy, inappetence, and pyrexia. Two dogs also had signs of neurologic disease. All dogs had thrombocytopenia and spirochetemia. All cases were administered tetracyclines orally. Platelet numbers improved and spirochetemia and pyrexia resolved in 4 out of 5 dogs, where follow-up information was available.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion and Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>TBRF is likely underdiagnosed in veterinary medicine. In areas endemic to Ornithodoros spp. ticks, TBRF should be considered in dogs with thrombocytopenia. Examination of standard blood smears can provide a rapid and specific diagnosis of TBRF when spirochetes are observed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14363","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,29]],"date-time":"2016-06-29T12:19:03Z","timestamp":1467202743000},"page":"1222-1228","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Tick-Borne Relapsing Fever in Dogs"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"J.","family":"Piccione","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Texas A&M University , College Station, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.J.","family":"Levine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, , College Station, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.A.","family":"Duff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences , , College Station, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.M.","family":"Kuhlman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences , , College Station, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.D.","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences , , College Station, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.D.","family":"Esteve-Gassent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, , College Station, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020304533393500_jvim14363-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2767","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002767","article-title":"Transmission dynamics of Borrelia turicatae from the arthropod vector","volume":"8","author":"Boyle","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2026020304533393500_jvim14363-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2008.03.006","article-title":"Tick-borne relapsing fever","volume":"22","author":"Dworkin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"2026020304533393500_jvim14363-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3851","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.8.3851-3859.2005","article-title":"Phylogenetic analysis of the spirochetes Borrelia parkeri and Borrelia turicatae and the potential for tick-borne relapsing fever in Florida","volume":"43","author":"Schwan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2026020304533393500_jvim14363-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1089\/15303660160025949","article-title":"Detection of Borrelia duttonii, a tick-borne relapsing fever agent in central Tanzania, within ticks by flagellin gene-based nested polymerase chain reaction","volume":"1","author":"Fukunaga","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"2026020304533393500_jvim14363-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-46-4-859","article-title":"Phylogenesis of relapsing fever Borrelia spp","volume":"46","author":"Ras","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int J Syst Bacteriol"},{"key":"2026020304533393500_jvim14363-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2006.04.004","article-title":"Detection of relapsing fever in human blood samples from Israel using PCR targeting the glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase (GlpQ) gene","volume":"98","author":"Halperin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"2026020304533393500_jvim14363-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2483","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.10.2483-2492.1996","article-title":"GlpQ: an antigen for serological discrimination between relapsing fever and Lyme borreliosis","volume":"34","author":"Schwan","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2026020304533393500_jvim14363-bib-0008","first-page":"431","volume-title":"Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat","author":"Greene","year":"2011","edition":"4th ed"},{"key":"2026020304533393500_jvim14363-bib-0009","first-page":"46","article-title":"Uncommon hematologic disorders - Spirochetosis, Trypanosomiasis, Leishmaniasis, Pelger-Huet anomaly","volume":"6","author":"Schalm","year":"1979","journal-title":"Canine Pract"},{"key":"2026020304533393500_jvim14363-bib-0010","first-page":"635","article-title":"Concurrent Ehrlichia canis and Borrelia burgdorferi infections in a Texas dog","volume":"26","author":"Moreland","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"key":"2026020304533393500_jvim14363-bib-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-4399(02)80005-8","article-title":"Tick-borne disease: a review of the more common entities found in the northeastern United States","volume":"24","author":"Coon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Newsl"},{"key":"2026020304533393500_jvim14363-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-7125(03)00095-6","article-title":"Tick-borne relapsing fever in North America","volume":"86","author":"Dworkin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"2026020304533393500_jvim14363-bib-0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1303.060958","article-title":"Diversity and distribution of Borrelia hermsii","volume":"13","author":"Schwan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026020304533393500_jvim14363-bib-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.2307\/3284432","article-title":"Transmission of the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia garinii, between infected and uninfected immature Ixodes persulcatus during cofeeding on mice","volume":"83","author":"Sato","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"2026020304533393500_jvim14363-bib-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-165X.2007.tb00213.x","article-title":"Spirochetemia caused by Borrelia turicatae infection in 3 dogs in Texas","volume":"36","author":"Whitney","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet Clin Pathol"},{"key":"2026020304533393500_jvim14363-bib-0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.32.2.352-357.1994","article-title":"Natural infections with Borrelia spirochetes in two dogs from Florida","volume":"32","author":"Breitschwerdt","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2026020304533393500_jvim14363-bib-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1004056","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004056","article-title":"Inactivation of genes for antigenic variation in the relapsing fever spirochete Borrelia hermsii reduces infectivity in mice and transmission by ticks","volume":"10","author":"Raffel","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2026020304533393500_jvim14363-bib-0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2006.04.007","article-title":"Persistent brain infection and disease reactivation in relapsing fever borreliosis","volume":"8","author":"Larsson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"2026020304533393500_jvim14363-bib-0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.4.1558-1562.2002","article-title":"Equine abortion associated with the Borrelia parkeri-B. turicatae tick-borne relapsing fever spirochete group","volume":"40","author":"Walker","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2026020304533393500_jvim14363-bib-0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1508.090475","article-title":"Fatal borreliosis in bat caused by relapsing fever spirochete, United Kingdom","volume":"15","author":"Evans","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026020304533393500_jvim14363-bib-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2013.08.005","article-title":"First isolation of the relapsing fever spirochete, Borrelia hermsii, from a domestic dog","volume":"5","author":"Kelly","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"2026020304533393500_jvim14363-bib-0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1086\/516276","article-title":"Neuroborreliosis during relapsing fever: review of the clinical manifestations, pathology, and treatment of infections in humans and experimental animals","volume":"26","author":"Cadavid","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026020304533393500_jvim14363-bib-0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2001.02201.x","article-title":"Platelet activation by a relapsing fever spirochaete results in enhanced bacterium-platelet interaction via integrin alphaIIbbeta3 activation","volume":"39","author":"Alugupalli","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"2026020304533393500_jvim14363-bib-0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2843","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-02-0426","article-title":"Spirochete-platelet attachment and thrombocytopenia in murine relapsing fever borreliosis","volume":"102","author":"Alugupalli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2026020304533393500_jvim14363-bib-0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2454","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002454","article-title":"Sequence analysis and serological responses against Borrelia turicatae BipA, a putative species-specific antigen","volume":"7","author":"Lopez","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2026020304533393500_jvim14363-bib-0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003617","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003617","article-title":"Case report: a retrospective serological analysis indicating human exposure to tick-borne relapsing fever spirochetes in Texas","volume":"9","author":"Wilder","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2026020304533393500_jvim14363-bib-0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1086\/516273","article-title":"Tick-borne relapsing fever in the northwestern United States and southwestern Canada","volume":"26","author":"Dworkin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fjvim.14363","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jvim.14363","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jvim.14363","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/30\/4\/1222\/66690620\/jvim14363.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/30\/4\/1222\/66690620\/jvim14363.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T09:53:43Z","timestamp":1770112423000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article\/30\/4\/1222\/8452917"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,1]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvim.14363","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,1]]}}}