{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T22:18:58Z","timestamp":1785363538414,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3504,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Equine gastric glandular disease (EGGD) is a term used to classify erosive and ulcerative diseases of the glandular mucosa of the equine stomach. Epidemiologic studies of risk factors for EGGD have not been reported.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine risk factors for EGGD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cases (n\u00a0=\u00a083) had endoscopic evidence of EGGD; controls (n\u00a0=\u00a034) included healthy horses and horses with equine squamous gastric disease (ESGD) without EGGD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective case-control study. The data were analyzed by multivariable logistic regression modeling. Analysis was performed on the full dataset. An additional analysis compared horses with glandular lesions (n\u00a0=\u00a043) against healthy horses (n\u00a0=\u00a022).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>On first analysis, Warmblood breed (OR\u00a0=\u00a013.9, 95% CI 2.2\u201390.9, P\u00a0=\u00a0.005) and an increasing number of caretakers (OR\u00a0=\u00a07.3, 95% CI 0.98\u201355.6, P\u00a0=\u00a0.053) were associated with an increased risk of EGGD. On analysis of the subset of data, Warmblood breed (OR\u00a0=\u00a028.6, 95% CI 2.96\u2013250.0, P\u00a0=\u00a0.004) and increasing number of riders (OR\u00a0=\u00a012.99, 95% CI 0.94\u2013166.7, P\u00a0=\u00a0.056) were risk factors. The presence of sand in the colon appeared to have a protective effect against EGGD (OR\u00a0=\u00a00.195, 95% CI 0.04\u20131.0, P\u00a0=\u00a0.051 for sand versus not having sand).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and clinical importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study suggests that Warmbloods are predisposed to EGGD and multiple handlers\/riders might increase the risk of EGGD. Identification of risk factors allows speculation on potential pathophysiological mechanisms of EGGD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14370","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,27]],"date-time":"2016-07-27T03:17:01Z","timestamp":1469589421000},"page":"1270-1275","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Risk Factors for Equine Gastric Glandular Disease: A Case-Control Study in a Finnish Referral Hospital Population"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"J.","family":"M\u00f6nki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Helsinki , Helsinki,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Hewetson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, , Onderstepoort,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.-M.K.","family":"Virtala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Helsinki Department of Veterinary Biosciences, , Helsinki,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020304535266600_jvim14370-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.13578","article-title":"European college of equine internal medicine consensus statement- equine gastric ulcer syndrome in adult horses","volume":"29","author":"Sykes","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020304535266600_jvim14370-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.2746\/042516409X464799","article-title":"Pathology of gastritis and gastric ulceration in the horse. 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