{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T00:12:48Z","timestamp":1788567168168,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3381,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Little information is available about the clinical presentation and response to treatment of cats with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To describe the signalment, clinical signs, concurrent diseases, and response to treatment of cats with EPI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One hundred and fifty cats with EPI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective case series.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Questionnaires were sent to 261 veterinarians, and 150 (57%) were returned with data suitable for statistical analysis. The median age of the cats with EPI was 7.7 years. The median body condition score was 3 of 9. Ninety-two of 119 cats (77%) had hypocobalaminemia, and 56 of 119 cats (47%) had increased and 6 of 119 cats (5%) had decreased serum folate concentrations. Clinical signs included weight loss (91%), unformed feces (62%), poor hair coat (50%), anorexia (45%), increased appetite (42%), lethargy (40%), watery diarrhea (28%), and vomiting (19%). Eighty-seven cats (58%) had concurrent diseases. Treatment response was reported to be good in 60%, partial in 27%, and poor in 13% of 121 cats. Trypsin-like immunoreactivity &amp;lt;4 \u03bcg\/L was associated with a positive response to treatment (OR, 3.2; 95% CI, 1.5\u20137.0; P = .004). Also, cobalamin supplementation improved the response to treatment (OR, 3.0; 95% CI, 1.4\u20136.6; P = .006).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in cats often has a different clinical presentation than in dogs. The age range for EPI in cats is wide, and many cats can be \u22645 years of age. Most cats respond well to appropriate treatment for EPI, and cobalamin supplementation appears to be necessary for a good response.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14560","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,19]],"date-time":"2016-09-19T07:56:42Z","timestamp":1474271802000},"page":"1790-1797","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Feline Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency: A Retrospective Study of 150 Cases"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"P.G.","family":"Xenoulis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastrointestinal Laboratory , Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.L.","family":"Zoran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas A&M University Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, , College Station, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.T.","family":"Fosgate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pretoria Department of Production Animal Studies, , Onderstepoort,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.S.","family":"Suchodolski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastrointestinal Laboratory , Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.M.","family":"Steiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastrointestinal Laboratory , Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020303051941600_jvim14560-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2012.04.005","article-title":"Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in the cat","volume":"27","author":"Steiner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Top Companion Anim Med"},{"key":"2026020303051941600_jvim14560-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.96.10.229-c","article-title":"Pancreatic deficiency in the cat","volume":"96","author":"Sheridan","year":"1975","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"2026020303051941600_jvim14560-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.120.10.235","article-title":"Pancreatic atrophy and fibrosis associated with Eurytrema procyonis in a domestic cat","volume":"120","author":"Anderson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"2026020303051941600_jvim14560-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1989.tb09761.x","article-title":"Fat malassimilation in three cats","volume":"66","author":"Nicholson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Aust Vet J"},{"key":"2026020303051941600_jvim14560-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1990.197.02.210","article-title":"Fecal proteolytic activity in clinically normal cats and in a cat with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency","volume":"197","author":"Williams","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020303051941600_jvim14560-bib-0006","first-page":"109","article-title":"Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency with associated coagulopathy in a cat","volume":"27","author":"Perry","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"key":"2026020303051941600_jvim14560-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1998.tb14537.x","article-title":"Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in a cat","volume":"76","author":"Browning","year":"1998","journal-title":"Aust Vet J"},{"key":"2026020303051941600_jvim14560-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1995.tb02972.x","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus associated with pancreatic endocrine insufficiency in a kitten","volume":"36","author":"Root","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026020303051941600_jvim14560-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02667.x","article-title":"d-lactic acidosis secondary to exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in a cat","volume":"19","author":"Packer","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020303051941600_jvim14560-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X12458101","article-title":"Hyperammonaemia due to cobalamin malabsorption in a cat with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency","volume":"14","author":"Watanabe","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"2026020303051941600_jvim14560-bib-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2009.04.004","article-title":"Feline exocrine pancreatic insufficiency: 16 cases (1992\u20132007)","volume":"11","author":"Thompson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"2026020303051941600_jvim14560-bib-0012","first-page":"627","article-title":"Serum feline trypsin-like immunoreactivity in cats with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency","volume":"14","author":"Steiner","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020303051941600_jvim14560-bib-0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2000.61.620","article-title":"Development and validation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for feline trypsin-like immunoreactivity (fTLI)","volume":"61","author":"Steiner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026020303051941600_jvim14560-bib-0014","first-page":"166","article-title":"Chronic pancreatitis in dogs and cats","volume":"30","author":"Xenoulis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Compend Contin Educ Vet"},{"key":"2026020303051941600_jvim14560-bib-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2007.tb02928.x","article-title":"Prognostic factors in canine exocrine pancreatic insufficiency: Prolonged survival is likely if clinical remission is achieved","volume":"21","author":"Batchelor","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020303051941600_jvim14560-bib-0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1024\/0036-7281\/a000138","article-title":"Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in the cat","volume":"153","author":"Kook","year":"2011","journal-title":"Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd"},{"key":"2026020303051941600_jvim14560-bib-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1852","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2001.62.1852","article-title":"Metabolism of amino acids in cats with severe cobalamin deficiency","volume":"62","author":"Ruaux","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026020303051941600_jvim14560-bib-0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02676.x","article-title":"Early biochemical and clinical responses to cobalamin supplementation in cats with signs of gastrointestinal disease and severe hypocobalaminemia","volume":"19","author":"Ruaux","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020303051941600_jvim14560-bib-0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.01.025","article-title":"Cobalamin in companion animals: Diagnostic marker, deficiency states and therapeutic implications","volume":"196","author":"Ruaux","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026020303051941600_jvim14560-bib-0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2008.00693.x","article-title":"Elevated canine pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity concentration in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease is associated with a negative outcome","volume":"50","author":"Kathrani","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026020303051941600_jvim14560-bib-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2009.0308.x","article-title":"Relationships between low serum cobalamin concentrations and methylmalonic acidemia in cats","volume":"23","author":"Ruaux","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020303051941600_jvim14560-bib-0022","first-page":"33","article-title":"Comparison of direct and indirect tests for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and antibiotic-responsive diarrhea in dogs","volume":"17","author":"German","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020303051941600_jvim14560-bib-0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2010.12.004","article-title":"Antibiotic-responsive diarrhea in small animals","volume":"41","author":"Hall","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026020303051941600_jvim14560-bib-0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1991.tb00903.x","article-title":"A survey of the diagnosis and treatment of canine exocrine pancreatic insufficiency","volume":"32","author":"Hall","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026020303051941600_jvim14560-bib-0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12313","article-title":"Pancreatitis and triaditis in cats: Causes and treatment","volume":"56","author":"Simpson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fjvim.14560","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fjvim.14560","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jvim.14560","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jvim.14560","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/30\/6\/1790\/66671306\/jvim14560.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/30\/6\/1790\/66671306\/jvim14560.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T08:05:40Z","timestamp":1770105940000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article\/30\/6\/1790\/8449776"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,1]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvim.14560","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,1]]}}}