{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T10:23:49Z","timestamp":1784715829792,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3261,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100022822","name":"Merck Animal Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100022822","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence (USMI) is the most common cause of urinary incontinence in neutered bitches and is most common in dogs weighing &amp;gt;20 kg.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To describe a population of neutered bitches with USMI and investigate their initial presentation, the relationship between weight and age at neuter, and treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One hundred and sixty-three female dogs with USMI (UI) diagnosed between January 2009 and December 2012, and 193 continent neutered control (C) bitches.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective data were collected from neutered female dogs with USMI and healthy, continent neutered females presented between January 2009 and December 2012.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Urinary incontinent dogs weighed more than C dogs (P = .003), and there was no difference in age at neuter. The relationship between weight at diagnosis and age at neuter was found to impact the hazard of USMI. A decrease in the hazard of USMI was found in dogs weighing &amp;gt;25 kg for every month delay of neuter in the first year. The hazard did not change for dogs &amp;lt;15 kg. Median time from neuter to development of incontinence was 3.73 years. Phenylpropanolamine was prescribed in 75.5%, diethylstilbestrol in 21.5%, and both in 3.1% of dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Neutering bitches expected to be &amp;gt;25 kg adult weight later in their first year may decrease the hazard of developing USMI, whereas age at neutering of bitches &amp;lt;25 kg may not impact continence. Heavier dogs have increased risk of USMI, and onset occurs within a few years of neuter.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14678","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,3]],"date-time":"2017-03-03T04:07:01Z","timestamp":1488514021000},"page":"442-448","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Urethral Sphincter Mechanism Incompetence in 163 Neutered Female Dogs: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Relationship of Weight and Age at Neuter to Development of Disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"J.K.","family":"Byron","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, , Ames, IA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.H.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, , Ames, IA"},{"name":"Airway Animal Clinic , 4092 Colonel 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