{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T02:14:35Z","timestamp":1789956875300,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3200,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007699","name":"University of Georgia Department of Population Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007699","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"UC Davis Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Resource Center"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture Animal Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1002606"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1002606"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Four sampling techniques commonly are used for antemortem identification of pathogens from cattle with bovine respiratory disease (BRD): the nasal swab (NS), guarded nasopharyngeal swab (NPS), bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and transtracheal wash (TTW). Agreement among these methods has not been well characterized.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate agreement among TTW and NS, NPS, or BAL for identification of viral and bacterial pathogens in dairy calves with BRD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One hundred dairy calves with naturally acquired BRD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Calves were sampled by all 4 methods. Viral agents were identified by real-time RT-PCR, bacteria were identified by aerobic culture, and Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis) isolates were speciated by PCR. Agreement among TTW and NS, NPS, or BAL was evaluated by calculating the kappa statistic and percent positive agreement. McNemar's exact test was used to compare the proportions of positive results.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Agreement among TTW and NS, TTW and NPS, and TTW and BAL, was very good for identification of P. multocida, M. haemolytica, and M. bovis. For bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), agreement with TTW was moderate for NS, good for NPS, and very good for BAL. For bovine coronavirus (BCV), agreement with TTW was moderate for NS and NPS, and good for BAL. McNemar's test was significant only for BCV, indicating that for this pathogen the proportion of positive results from NS and NPS could not be considered comparable to TTW.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study provides guidance for veterinarians selecting diagnostic tests for antemortem identification of pathogens associated with BRD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14683","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,14]],"date-time":"2017-03-14T16:57:48Z","timestamp":1489510668000},"page":"954-959","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Agreement Among 4 Sampling Methods to Identify Respiratory Pathogens in Dairy Calves with Acute Bovine Respiratory Disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"D.","family":"Doyle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia Department of Population Health, , Athens, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Credille","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia Department of Population Health, , Athens, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.W.","family":"Lehenbauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California , Davis, Tulare, CA"},{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Department of Population Health and Reproduction, , Davis, Tulare, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Berghaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia Department of Population Health, , Athens, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.S.","family":"Aly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California , Davis, Tulare, CA"},{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Department of Population Health and Reproduction, , Davis, Tulare, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Champagne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California , Davis, Tulare, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Blanchard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California , Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Crossley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California , Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Berghaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia Department of Large Animal Medicine, , Athens, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Cochran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia Department of Population Health, , Athens, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7179-0615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"Woolums","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia Department of Large Animal Medicine, , Athens, GA"},{"name":"Mississippi State University Department of Veterinary Pathobiology and Population Medicine, , Mississippi State, MS"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020303192063100_jvim14683-bib-0001","article-title":"Part I: Reference of Dairy Health and Management in the United States","author":"USDA","year":"2002"},{"key":"2026020303192063100_jvim14683-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5877(97)00059-7","article-title":"Calf and disease factors affecting growth in female Holstein claves in Florida, 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