{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T13:25:08Z","timestamp":1791638708408,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3200,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TR 1321\/1-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TR 1321\/1-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hyperkalemia is a frequently observed electrolyte imbalance in dehydrated neonatal diarrheic calves that can result in skeletal muscle weakness and life-threatening cardiac conduction abnormalities and arrhythmias.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Intravenous administration of a small-volume hypertonic NaHCO3 solution is clinically more effective in decreasing the plasma potassium concentration (cK) in hyperkalemic diarrheic calves than hypertonic NaCl or glucose solutions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty-two neonatal diarrheic calves with cK &amp;gt;5.8 mmol\/L.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prospective randomized clinical trial. Calves randomly received either 8.4% NaHCO3 (6.4 mL\/kg BW; n = 7), 7.5% NaCl (5 mL\/kg BW; n = 8), or 46.2% glucose (5 mL\/kg BW; n = 7) IV over 5 minutes and were subsequently allowed to suckle 2 L of an electrolyte solution. Infusions with NaHCO3 and NaCl provided an identical sodium load of 6.4 mmol\/kg BW.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hypertonic NaHCO3 infusions produced an immediate and sustained decrease in plasma cK. Hypertonic glucose infusions resulted in marked hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia, but cK remained unchanged for 20 minutes. Between 30 and 120 minutes after initiation of treatment, the most marked decrements in cK from baseline occurred in group NaHCO3, which were significantly (P &amp;lt; .05) larger during this period of time than in calves in group NaCl, but not group glucose. After 120 minutes, the mean decrease in cK from baseline was \u221226 \u00b1 10%, \u22129 \u00b1 8%, and \u221222 \u00b1 6% in groups NaHCO3, NaCl, and glucose, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions\/Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Small-volume hypertonic NaHCO3 infusions appear to have clinical advantages for the rapid resuscitation of hyperkalemic diarrheic calves, compared to hypertonic NaCl or glucose solutions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14709","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,13]],"date-time":"2017-04-13T14:35:55Z","timestamp":1492094155000},"page":"907-921","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Effect of Intravenous Small-Volume Hypertonic Sodium Bicarbonate, Sodium Chloride, and Glucose Solutions in Decreasing Plasma Potassium Concentration in Hyperkalemic Neonatal Calves with Diarrhea"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9784-8889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F.M.","family":"Trefz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich , Oberschlei\u00dfheim,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.D.","family":"Constable","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois , Urbana-Champaign, IL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Lorenz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bavarian Animal Health Service (Tiergesundheitsdienst Bayern e.V.) , Poing,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020303185345900_jvim14709-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0442.2004.00662.x","article-title":"Influence of D-lactate on metabolic acidosis and on prognosis in neonatal calves with diarrhoea","volume":"51","author":"Lorenz","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med"},{"key":"2026020303185345900_jvim14709-bib-0002","first-page":"581","article-title":"Use of a quantitative strong ion approach to determine the mechanism for acid-base abnormalities in sick calves with or without diarrhea","volume":"19","author":"Constable","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020303185345900_jvim14709-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2011.00848.x","article-title":"Metabolic acidosis in neonatal calf diarrhea-clinical findings and theoretical assessment of a simple treatment protocol","volume":"26","author":"Trefz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020303185345900_jvim14709-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7234","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2013-6945","article-title":"Hyperkalemia in neonatal diarrheic calves depends on the degree of dehydration and the cause of the metabolic acidosis but does not require the presence of acidemia","volume":"96","author":"Trefz","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2026020303185345900_jvim14709-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12556","article-title":"Quantitative physicochemical analysis of acid-base balance and clinical utility of anion gap and strong ion gap in 806 neonatal calves with diarrhea","volume":"29","author":"Trefz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020303185345900_jvim14709-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12541","article-title":"Risk factors for the development of hypokalemia in neonatal diarrheic calves","volume":"29","author":"Trefz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020303185345900_jvim14709-bib-0007","first-page":"596","article-title":"Water and electrolyte losses in neonatal calves with acute diarrhea. 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