{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:21:12Z","timestamp":1792790472418,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3139,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005707","name":"Akademie f\u00fcr Tiergesundheit","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005707","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Drs. Jutta and Georg Bruns Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chronic diarrhea (CD) is common in dogs, and information on frequency and distribution of primary and secondary causes is lacking.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate underlying causes and predictors of outcome in dogs with CD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One hundred and thirty-six client-owned dogs with CD (\u22653 weeks duration).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective review of medical records (Small Animal Clinic, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Germany, 09\/2009-07\/2011). Quantification of final diagnoses and comparison of clinical aspects including disease severity and clinicopathological abnormalities among dogs with clinical remission (either complete [gastrointestinal signs absent] or partial [clinical improvement of gastrointestinal signs and reduced episodes with shortened duration]), and those without recovery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ninety percent of dogs were diagnosed with a primary enteropathy: inflammatory (71%; of those 66% dietary responsive, 23% idiopathic, 11% antibiotic responsive), infectious (13%), neoplastic (4%), and in one dog each mechanical disease or systemic vasculitis. Secondary causes were diagnosed in 10% of dogs: exocrine pancreatic (6%), endocrine (2%), and in one dog each hepatic, renal, and cardiac disease. In total, 87% of dogs had clinical remission, whereas 13% died or did not respond to treatment: Lack of recovery was frequently recorded for dogs with primary inflammatory (idiopathic) or neoplastic disease and was significantly associated with increased disease severity scores (P = .005), anemia (hematocrit &amp;lt; 40%, P &amp;lt; .001), severe hypoalbuminemia (serum albumin &amp;lt;2.0 g\/dL, P = .008), and severe hypocobalaminemia (serum cobalamin concentration &amp;lt;200 pg\/mL, P = .006).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and clinical importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Inflammatory enteropathies and particularly those of dietary origin were the most common causes of CD in dogs. Findings support the usefulness of hematocrit, and serum albumin and cobalamin concentration as prognostic markers in dogs with CD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14739","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,13]],"date-time":"2017-07-13T09:42:37Z","timestamp":1499938957000},"page":"1043-1055","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":135,"title":["Chronic Diarrhea in Dogs \u2013 Retrospective Study in 136 Cases"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2416-9615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Volkmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin , Berlin,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.M.","family":"Steiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Texas A&M University , College Station, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.T.","family":"Fosgate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria Department of Production Animal Studies, , Onderstepoort,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Zentek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin , Berlin,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Hartmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin , Berlin,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Kohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie 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