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On the other hand, there is need for a system that organizes current knowledge regarding biological mechanisms to guide scientific research. These 2 needs are distinct, making it challenging to develop a robust classification system suitable for all purposes. We attempt to classify myoclonus as \u201cepileptic\u201d and \u201cnonepileptic\u201d based on its association with epileptic seizures. Myotonia in people may be divided into 2 clinically and molecularly defined forms: (1) nondystrophic myotonias and (2) myotonic dystrophies. The former are a group of skeletal muscle channelopathies characterized by delayed skeletal muscle relaxation. Many distinct clinical phenotypes are recognized in people, the majority relating to mutations in skeletal muscle voltage-gated chloride (CLCN1) and sodium channel (SCN4A) genes. In dogs, myotonia is associated with mutations in CLCN1. The myotonic dystrophies are considered a multisystem clinical syndrome in people encompassing 2 clinically and molecularly defined forms designated myotonic dystrophy types 1 and 2. No mutation has been linked to veterinary muscular dystrophies. We detail veterinary examples of myotonia and attempt classification according to guidelines used in humans. This more precise categorization of myoclonus and myotonia aims to promote the search for molecular markers contributing to the phenotypic spectrum of disease. Our work aimed to assist recognition for these 2 enigmatic conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14771","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,30]],"date-time":"2017-05-30T09:50:19Z","timestamp":1496137819000},"page":"979-987","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Classification of Involuntary Movements in Dogs: Myoclonus and Myotonia"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4993-589X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Lowrie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dovecote Veterinary Hospital , Derby,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Garosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Davies Veterinary Specialists , Hitchin,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020303202428000_jvim14771-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2016.05.011","article-title":"Classification of involuntary movements in dogs: Tremors and twitches","volume":"214","author":"Lowrie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026020303202428000_jvim14771-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2016.12.017","article-title":"Classification of involuntary movements in dogs: Paroxysmal dyskinesias","volume":"220","author":"Lowrie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026020303202428000_jvim14771-bib-0003","first-page":"198","article-title":"Movement Disorders","author":"Marsden","year":"1985"},{"key":"2026020303202428000_jvim14771-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2009.196","article-title":"The clinical approach to movement disorders","volume":"6","author":"Abdo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"2026020303202428000_jvim14771-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1528-1157.44.s11.5.x","article-title":"Treatment strategies for myoclonic seizures and epilepsy syndromes with myoclonic seizures","volume":"11","author":"Wheless","year":"2003","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"2026020303202428000_jvim14771-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1177\/1756285610395653","article-title":"Myoclonic disorders: A practical approach for diagnosis and treatment","volume":"4","author":"Kojovic","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord"},{"key":"2026020303202428000_jvim14771-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1814","article-title":"Mutations in the gene encoding GlyT2 (SLC6A5) define a presynaptic component of human startle disease","volume":"38","author":"Rees","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2026020303202428000_jvim14771-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2006.07.080","article-title":"Mutations within the human GLYT2 (SLC6A5) gene associated with hyperekplexia","volume":"348","author":"Eulenburg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Comm"},{"key":"2026020303202428000_jvim14771-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1102832","article-title":"Expanded repeat in canine epilepsy","volume":"307","author":"Lohi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026020303202428000_jvim14771-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X15582080","article-title":"Audiogenic reflex seizures in cats","volume":"18","author":"Lowrie","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"2026020303202428000_jvim14771-bib-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(05)70043-0","article-title":"Progressive myoclonic epilepsies: A review of genetic and therapeutic aspects","volume":"4","author":"Shahwan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"2026020303202428000_jvim14771-bib-0012","first-page":"289","article-title":"Treatment of Lafora disease (inherited myoclonic epilepsy) in dogs","volume":"19","author":"Rusbridge","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020303202428000_jvim14771-bib-0013","first-page":"290","article-title":"Lafora's disease (progressive myoclonus epilepsy) in the Basset Hound \u2013 Early diagnosis by muscle biopsy","volume":"19","author":"Kaiser","year":"1991","journal-title":"Tierarztl Prax"},{"key":"2026020303202428000_jvim14771-bib-0014","first-page":"509","article-title":"Lafora's disease in the dog. 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