{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T14:20:07Z","timestamp":1785162007930,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3077,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cat breeders observed a frequent occurrence of internal hydrocephalus in Persian cats with extreme brachycephalic head morphology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate a possible relationship among the grade of brachycephaly, ventricular dilatation, and skull dysmorphologies in Persian cats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>92 Persian-, 10 Domestic shorthair cats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The grade of brachycephaly was determined on skull models based on CT datasets. Cranial measurements were examined with regard to a possible correlation with relative ventricular volume, and cranial capacity. Persians with high (peke-face Persians) and lower grades of brachycephaly (doll-face Persians) were investigated for the presence of skull dysmorphologies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The mean cranial index of the peke-face Persians (0.97\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.14) was significantly higher than the mean cranial index of doll-face Persians (0.66\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.04; P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00.001). Peke-face Persians had a lower relative nasal bone length (0.15\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.04) compared to doll-face (0.29\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.08; P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00.001). The endocranial volume was significantly lower in doll-face than peke-face Persians (89.6\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.27% versus 91.76\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.07%; P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00.001). The cranial index was significantly correlated with this variable (Spearman's r: 0.7; P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00.0001). Mean ventricle: Brain ratio of the peke-face group (0.159\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.14) was significantly higher compared to doll-face Persians (0.015\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.01; P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00.001).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>High grades of brachycephaly are also associated with malformations of the calvarial and facial bones as well as dental malformations. As these dysmorphologies can affect animal welfare, the selection for extreme forms of brachycephaly in Persian cats should be reconsidered.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14805","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,21]],"date-time":"2017-08-21T00:42:38Z","timestamp":1503276158000},"page":"1487-1501","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["The Relationship between Brachycephalic Head Features in Modern Persian Cats and Dysmorphologies of the Skull and Internal Hydrocephalus"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3481-4737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.J.","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Small Animals, Justus-Liebig University Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, , Giessen,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Kampschulte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital Gie\u00dfen Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, , Gie\u00dfen,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Enderlein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Small Animals, Justus-Liebig University Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, , Giessen,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Gorgas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vetsuisse Faculty Berne, Clinical Radiology , Berne,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Lang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vetsuisse Faculty Berne, Clinical Radiology , Berne,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Ludewig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Companion Animals and Horses, , Vienna,","place":["Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section\u00a0of Neurology, Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University , Munich,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Meyer-Lindenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction, Ludwig Maximilians-University , Munich,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.R.","family":"Schaubmar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit for Biomathematics and Data Processing, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig-University , Giessen,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Failing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit for Biomathematics and Data Processing, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig-University , Giessen,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Ondreka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Small Animals, Justus-Liebig University Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, , Giessen,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020303210276600_jvim14805-bib-0001","article-title":"The Cat Breeds of the World. 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