{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T15:34:33Z","timestamp":1791041673964,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2955,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cholangitis in dogs appears to be more common than previously thought, but understanding of the disease remains incomplete.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To describe a population of dogs with cholangitis or cholangiohepatitis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fifty-four client-owned dogs with cholangitis or cholangiohepatitis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Medical records of dogs with cholangitis or cholangiohepatitis confirmed by histopathology between January 2004 and December 2014 were identified using a computer-based search and retrospectively reviewed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Clinical signs included vomiting (72.2%), lethargy (70.4%), and inappetence (64.8%). Most dogs (49\/50) had increased liver enzyme activities, hyperbilirubinemia (32\/50), and hypercholesterolemia (24\/43). Ultrasonographic abnormalities of the hepatobiliary system were seen in 84% of cases. On histopathology, 53 of 54 affected dogs had neutrophilic cholangitis (NC) or cholangiohepatitis, whereas 1 dog had lymphocytic cholangitis. Most cases (42\/54) were chronic. Evidence of concurrent biliary disease (46.2%) and biliary tract obstruction (42.6%) was common. Seventeen of 36 biliary and 11 of 25 liver cultures were positive for bacterial growth; Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. were most common. Median patient survival was 671 days (95% confidence interval [CI]: 114\u20131,426). On Cox regression, dogs that did not have a cholecystectomy performed had a 2.1 greater hazard for death (P = 0.037; 95% CI: 1.0\u20134.3) compared to cholecystectomized dogs. Dogs &amp;gt;13 years old had a 5.0 greater hazard for death (P = 0.001; 95% CI: 1.9\u201313.2) compared to younger dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chronic NC or cholangiohepatitis was most common. Cholecystitis and biliary tract obstruction often occurred in conjunction with cholangitis. Cholecystectomized dogs had decreased risk of death; thus, cholecystectomy may improve patient outcome.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14866","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,13]],"date-time":"2017-11-13T10:08:40Z","timestamp":1510567720000},"page":"172-180","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Cholangitis and Cholangiohepatitis in Dogs: A Descriptive Study of 54 Cases Based on Histopathologic Diagnosis (2004\u20132014)"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2604-6552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J.L.","family":"Harrison","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Department of Clinical Studies, , Philadelphia, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.J.","family":"Turek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Department of Pathobiology, , Philadelphia, PA"},{"name":"Antech Diagnostics , Irvine, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.C.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Department of Clinical Studies, , Philadelphia, PA"},{"name":"Elanco , Indianapolis, IN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Bradley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Department of Pathobiology, , Philadelphia, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Callahan Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Department of Clinical Studies, , Philadelphia, PA"},{"name":"Tufts Veterinary Emergency Treatment and Specialties , Walpole, 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