{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T02:36:15Z","timestamp":1787884575139,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2955,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) usually is associated with a rapid ventricular rate. The optimal heart rate (HR) during AF is unknown.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis\/Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Heart rate affects survival in dogs with chronic AF.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Forty-six dogs with AF and 24-hour ambulatory recordings were evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective study. Holter-derived HR variables were analyzed as follows: mean HR (meanHR, 24-hour average), minimum HR (minHR, 1-minute average), maximum HR (maxHR, 1-minute average). Survival times were recorded from the time of presumed adequate rate control. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality. Cox proportional hazards analysis identified variables independently associated with survival; Kaplan-Meier survival analysis estimated the median survival time of dogs with meanHR &amp;lt;125 bpm versus \u2265125 bpm.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All 46 dogs had structural heart disease; 31 of 46 had congestive heart failure (CHF), 44 of 46 received antiarrhythmic drugs. Of 15 dogs with cardiac death, 14 had CHF. Median time to all-cause death was 524 days (Interquartile range (IQR), 76\u20131,037 days). MeanHR was 125 bpm (range, 62\u2013203 bpm), minHR was 82 bpm (range, 37\u2013163 bpm), maxHR was 217 bpm (range, 126\u2013307 bpm). These were significantly correlated with all-cause and cardiac-related mortality. For every 10 bpm increase in meanHR, the risk of all-cause mortality increased by 35% (hazard ratio, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.17\u20131.55; P &amp;lt; 0.001). Median survival time of dogs with meanHR&amp;lt;125 bpm (n = 23) was significantly longer (1,037 days; range, 524-open) than meanHR \u2265125 bpm (n = 23; 105 days; range, 67\u2013267 days; P = 0.0012). Mean HR was independently associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality (P &amp;lt; 0.003).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Holter-derived meanHR affects survival in dogs with AF. Dogs with meanHR &amp;lt;125 bpm lived longer than those with meanHR \u2265 125 bpm.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14896","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,5]],"date-time":"2017-12-05T06:49:27Z","timestamp":1512456567000},"page":"86-92","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Retrospective Evaluation of the Effect of Heart Rate on Survival in Dogs with Atrial Fibrillation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"B.","family":"Pedro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool , Neston,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Service , Solihull,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Dukes-McEwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool , 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