{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T19:41:48Z","timestamp":1791920508687,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2896,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Kennel Club Charitable Trust, UK"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Paroxysmal gluten-sensitive dyskinesia (PGSD) in border terriers (BTs) results from an immunologic response directed against transglutaminase (TG)2 and gliadin. Recent evidence suggests that PGSD is only one aspect of a range of possible manifestations of gluten sensitivity in the breed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis\/Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gluten sensitivity in BTs is a heterogeneous disease process with a diverse clinical spectrum; to characterize the phenotype of PGSD using TG2 and gliadin autoantibodies as diagnostic markers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One hundred twenty-eight client-owned BTs with various disorders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prospective study. BTs with paroxysmal episodes and a normal interictal examination were phenotyped using footage of a representative episode and assigned to 3 groups: idiopathic epilepsy (IE), paroxysmal dyskinesia (PD), or other. Owners of each dog completed a questionnaire to obtain information regarding clinical signs. Healthy BTs formed a control group. Serum antibodies against TG2 and AGA were measured in all dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One hundred twenty-eight BTs were enrolled; 45 with PD, 28 with IE, 35 with other conditions, and 20 controls. Three overlapping phenotypes were identified; PD, signs suggestive of gastrointestinal disease, and dermatopathy. AGA-IgG concentrations were increased in PD, compared with IE (P\u2009=\u20090.012), controls (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.0001) and other (P\u2009=\u20090.018) conditions. Anti-canine TG2-IgA concentrations were increased in PD, compared with IE (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.0001), controls (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.0001) and other (P\u2009=\u20090.012) conditions. Serological markers are highly specific for PGSD but lack sensitivity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PGSD appears part of a syndrome of gluten intolerance consisting of episodes of transient dyskinesia, signs suggestive of gastrointestinal disease, and dermatological hypersensitivity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,9]],"date-time":"2018-02-09T05:33:30Z","timestamp":1518154410000},"page":"775-781","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Characterization of Paroxysmal Gluten-Sensitive Dyskinesia in Border Terriers Using Serological Markers"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4993-589X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Lowrie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dovecote Veterinary Hospital , Derby DE74 2LJ,","place":["England"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"O.A.","family":"Garden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, ,Philadelphia, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Hadjivassiliou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Hallamshire Hospital Department of Neurology, , Sheffield S10 2JF,","place":["England"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.S.","family":"Sanders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Hallamshire Hospital Department of Gastroenterology, , Sheffield S10 2JF,","place":["England"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Powell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Powell Torrance Diagnostic Services, Unit 2a Manor Farm Business Park, Higham Gobion ,Hitchin,SG5 3HR","place":["England"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Garosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Davies Veterinary Specialists, Manor Farm Business Park, Higham Gobion ,Hitchin,SG5 3HR","place":["England"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020600415626100_jvim15038-bib-0001","first-page":"387","article-title":"Classification of paroxysmal dyskinesias and ataxias","volume":"89","author":"Jankovic","year":"2002","journal-title":"Adv Neurol"},{"key":"2026020600415626100_jvim15038-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12170","article-title":"Phenotypic characterisation of canine epileptoid cramping syndrome in the border terrier","volume":"55","author":"Black","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Small Anim 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