{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T18:21:02Z","timestamp":1791829262932,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2835,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,16]],"date-time":"2018-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1523836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Details of the clinical signs of obstructive urolithiasis in male small ruminants have not been documented in a large population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To describe the clinical presentation and diagnostic procedures in a large group of small ruminants with urolithiasis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two hundred and seventy small ruminants (158 sheep and 112 goats).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective study of 270 cases identified based on clinical records.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>81.2% affected goats were castrated and 91.7% sheep were intact males; 65.5% of the animals had been sick \u22642 days before referral. Common abnormalities included dysuria (93.6%), indigestion (84.4%), reduced general state of health (79.5%), signs of pain (73%), increased heart and respiratory rates (53.6% and 39.1%), and azotemia (89.4%). Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine concentrations were strongly correlated (r2\u2009=\u20090.81). Hypochloremia (52.2%), hyponatremia (43.3%), hypophosphatemia (52.4%), and abnormal potassium concentrations (26.2% hypokalemia and 24.5% hyperkalemia) were the most common serum electrolyte imbalances. Packed cell volume (PCV), plasma proteins, potassium, BUN, and creatinine concentrations were significantly increased in animals with uroperitoneum. Ultrasonography allowed for confirmation of diagnosis in 83.9% of the cases (135\/161 with sufficient available information), uroliths were visible on 34 of 56 plain radiographs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study confirmed that clinical and ultrasonographic examinations are sufficient to diagnose urolithiasis. Clinical signs can be divided into an early stage with discrete unspecific clinical signs, a painful stage with frequent straining, expression of pain and moderately reduced general condition, and an advanced stage with a markedly reduced general condition and eventually recumbency.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,16]],"date-time":"2018-04-16T17:27:54Z","timestamp":1523899674000},"page":"1274-1282","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Clinical findings and diagnostic procedures in 270 small ruminants with obstructive urolithiasis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Anna-Katharina","family":"Riedi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a ,Bern 3012,","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"Tierarztpraxis an der Simme, Simmentalstrasse 28 ,3752 Wimmis,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Knubben-Schweizer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260 Department of Farm Animals, ,Zurich 8057,","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services,Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Sonnenstrasse 16 , Oberschleissheim, 85764","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0191-5686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mireille","family":"Meylan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a ,Bern 3012,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020600322967300_jvim15128-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2016.05.010","article-title":"Urolithiasis","volume":"32","author":"Videla","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract."},{"key":"2026020600322967300_jvim15128-bib-0002","first-page":"537","article-title":"Goat Medicine","author":"Smith","year":"2009","edition":"2"},{"key":"2026020600322967300_jvim15128-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1136\/inpract.12.3.87","article-title":"Prevention and urolithiasis in sheep","volume":"12","author":"Hay","year":"1990","journal-title":"In Pract."},{"key":"2026020600322967300_jvim15128-bib-0004","first-page":"275","article-title":"Obstructive urolithiasis in ruminants: surgical management and prevention","volume":"18","author":"Van Metre","year":"1996","journal-title":"Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet."},{"key":"2026020600322967300_jvim15128-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14743","article-title":"Mineral composition of uroliths obtained from sheep and goats with obstructive urolithiasis","volume":"31","author":"Jones","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med."},{"key":"2026020600322967300_jvim15128-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2006.00169.x","article-title":"Short- and long-term outcome and factors predicting survival after surgical tube cystostomy for treatment of obstructive urolithiasis in small ruminants","volume":"35","author":"Ewoldt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet Surg."},{"key":"2026020600322967300_jvim15128-bib-0007","first-page":"654","article-title":"Urinary tract ultrasonography in normal rams and in rams with obstructive urolithiasis","volume":"33","author":"Braun","year":"1992","journal-title":"Can Vet J."},{"key":"2026020600322967300_jvim15128-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.1998.tb00335.x","article-title":"Contrast radiography of the lower urinary tract in the management of obstructive urolithiasis in small ruminants and swine","volume":"39","author":"Palmer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound."},{"key":"2026020600322967300_jvim15128-bib-0009","first-page":"234","article-title":"[Urolithiasis in male sheep and goats. 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