{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T19:22:42Z","timestamp":1770751362418,"version":"3.50.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2658,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,11]],"date-time":"2018-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1539216000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"American Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Club Charitable Trust","award":["02162-MOU"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02162-MOU"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001458","name":"American Kennel Club Canine Health Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001458","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001458","name":"American Kennel Club Canine Health Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001458","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCS) suffer pain associated with Chiari-like malformation and syringomyelia (CMSM). People suffer from a similar condition and describe numerous sensory abnormalities. Sensory changes have not been quantified in affected CKCS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To use quantitative sensory testing (QST) to quantify thermal and mechanical thresholds in CKCS and to compare QST in dogs with and without syringomyelia (SM).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Forty-four CKCS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prospective study. Dogs underwent neurological examinations and craniocervical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Thermal testing was performed over the humerus and thorax (n\u2009=\u200932); mechanical testing was performed on the paw and neck (n\u2009=\u200944). Latencies, thresholds, and response rates were compared with presence and severity of SM on MRI, presence of pain reported by the owner and pain identified on examination.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty dogs had SM, 30 were painful on examination, 29 were owner-reported symptomatic. Thermal and mechanical variables were not significantly different based on presence or severity of SM. Dogs with pain on examination had decreased mechanical thresholds on the paw (0.38 kg, SD\u2009= 0.18) and neck (2.05 kg, SD\u2009= 0.74) compared to thresholds of dogs without pain on examination on the paw (0.60 kg, SD\u2009= 0.30) and neck (2.72 kg, SD\u2009= 0.57; P =\u2009.021).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mechanical and thermal sensitivity does not appear to be related to the presence of SM, but mechanical sensitivity appears to be related to the presence of pain and clinical signs. Mechanical testing may be useful for assessing sensory abnormalities during clinical trials.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15297","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,11]],"date-time":"2018-10-11T10:57:43Z","timestamp":1539255463000},"page":"2021-2028","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Investigation of sensory thresholds in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels with and without Chiari-like malformations and syringomyelia"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Courtney R.","family":"Sparks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University Department of Clinical Sciences, , Raleigh, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Gorney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University Department of Clinical Sciences, , Raleigh, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kim","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University Department of Clinical Sciences, , Raleigh, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emily H.","family":"Griffith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Carolina State University Department of Statistics, , Raleigh, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Cerda-Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University Department of Clinical Sciences, , Ithaca, New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2950-9009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B. Duncan X.","family":"Lascelles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University Department of Clinical Sciences, , Raleigh, North Carolina"},{"name":"Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina"},{"name":"Comparative Pain Research and Education Center, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1349-3484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natasha J.","family":"Olby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University Department of Clinical Sciences, , Raleigh, North Carolina"},{"name":"Comparative Pain Research and Education Center, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026021006405342800_jvim15297-bib-0001","first-page":"2021","article-title":"Morphology of the Caudal Fossa in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels","volume":"32","author":"Cerda-Gonzalez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound"},{"key":"2026021006405342800_jvim15297-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2010.00952.x","article-title":"Relationship of brain parenchyma within the Caudal Cranial Fossa and ventricle size to syringomyelia in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels","volume":"51","author":"Driver","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026021006405342800_jvim15297-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2009.00768.x","article-title":"Association between cervical and intracranial dimensions and syringomyelia in the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel","volume":"50","author":"Carruthers","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026021006405342800_jvim15297-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2009.00799.x","article-title":"Comparison of cerebral cranium volumes between Cavalier King Charles Spaniels with Chiari-like malformation, small breed dogs and Labradors","volume":"50","author":"Cross","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026021006405342800_jvim15297-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2007.00298.x","article-title":"Report from the Chiari-like malformation and syringomyelia working group round table","volume":"36","author":"Cappello","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"key":"2026021006405342800_jvim15297-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2007.00285.x","article-title":"Chiari-like malformation with syringomyelia in the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel: long-term outcome after surgical management","volume":"36","author":"Rusbridge","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"key":"2026021006405342800_jvim15297-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2004.tb02605.x","article-title":"Inheritance of occipital bone hypoplasia (Chiari type I malformation) in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels","volume":"18","author":"Rusbridge","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026021006405342800_jvim15297-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14856","article-title":"Questionnaire-based analysis of owner-reported scratching and pain signs in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels screened for Chiari-like malformation and syringomyelia","volume":"32","author":"Sparks","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026021006405342800_jvim15297-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2006.12.007","article-title":"Pathophysiology and treatment of neuropathic pain associated with syringomyelia","volume":"175","author":"Rusbridge","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026021006405342800_jvim15297-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2011.07.002","article-title":"Histopathological investigation of syringomyelia in the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel","volume":"146","author":"Hu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Comp Pathol"},{"key":"2026021006405342800_jvim15297-bib-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2007.00344.x","article-title":"Syringomyelia in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels: the relationship between syrinx dimensions and pain","volume":"48","author":"Rusbridge","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026021006405342800_jvim15297-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3171\/foc.2000.8.3.6","article-title":"Toward a rational treatment of Chiari I malformation and syringomyelia","volume":"8","author":"Ellenbogen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"2026021006405342800_jvim15297-bib-0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199905000-00042","article-title":"Chiari I malformation redefined: clinical and radiographic findings for 364 symptomatic patients","volume":"44","author":"Milhorat","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"2026021006405342800_jvim15297-bib-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-015-2219-9","article-title":"Patient-reported Chiari malformation type I symptoms and diagnostic experiences: a report from the National Conquer Chiari Patient Registry Database","volume":"36","author":"Fischbein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"2026021006405342800_jvim15297-bib-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2003.026674","article-title":"Effects of surgery on the sensory deficits of syringomyelia and predictors of outcome: a long term prospective study","volume":"75","author":"Attal","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr"},{"key":"2026021006405342800_jvim15297-bib-0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl016","article-title":"Mechanisms of central neuropathic pain: a combined psychophysical and fMRI study in syringomyelia","volume":"129","author":"Ducreux","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2026021006405342800_jvim15297-bib-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-200205000-00006","article-title":"Functional abnormalities of the cervical cord and lower medulla and their effect on pain: observations in chronic pain patients with incidental mild Chiari I malformation and moderate to severe cervical cord compression","volume":"18","author":"Thimineur","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"2026021006405342800_jvim15297-bib-0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.11.013","article-title":"Test\u2013retest and Interobserver reliability of quantitative sensory testing according to the protocol of the German research network on neuropathic pain (DFNS): a multi-Centre study","volume":"152","author":"Geber","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"2026021006405342800_jvim15297-bib-0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.100449","article-title":"Long-term outcome of Cavalier King Charles Spaniel dogs with clinical signs associated with Chiari-like malformation and syringomyelia","volume":"171","author":"Plessas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"2026021006405342800_jvim15297-bib-0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2014.11.010","article-title":"Association between the findings on magnetic resonance imaging screening for syringomyelia in asymptomatic Cavalier King Charles Spaniels and observation of clinical signs consistent with syringomyelia in later life","volume":"203","author":"Ives","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026021006405342800_jvim15297-bib-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2012.05.018","article-title":"Questionnaire-based behaviour analysis of Cavalier King Charles Spaniels with neuropathic pain due to Chiari-like malformation and syringomyelia","volume":"194","author":"Rutherford","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026021006405342800_jvim15297-bib-0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.01.018","article-title":"Transmitting pain and itch messages: a contemporary view of the spinal cord circuits that generate gate control","volume":"82","author":"Braz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2026021006405342800_jvim15297-bib-0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2016.01.005","article-title":"Comparison of thermal and mechanical quantitative sensory testing in client-owned dogs with chronic naturally occurring pain and normal dogs","volume":"210","author":"Freire","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026021006405342800_jvim15297-bib-0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.13913","article-title":"Mechanical and thermal sensory testing in normal Chondrodystrophoid dogs and dogs with spinal cord injury caused by thoracolumbar intervertebral disc Herniations","volume":"30","author":"Gorney","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026021006405342800_jvim15297-bib-0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000521","article-title":"Widespread somatosensory sensitivity in naturally occurring canine model of osteoarthritis","volume":"157","author":"Knazovicky","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"2026021006405342800_jvim15297-bib-0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2016.08.008","article-title":"Replicate effects and test\u2013retest reliability of quantitative sensory threshold testing in dogs with and without chronic pain","volume":"44","author":"Knazovicky","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg"},{"key":"2026021006405342800_jvim15297-bib-0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2005.66.1616","article-title":"Assessment of a Von Frey device for evaluation of the antinociceptive effects of morphine and its application in pharmacodynamic modeling of morphine in dogs","volume":"66","author":"KuKanich","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026021006405342800_jvim15297-bib-0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1968","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2005.66.1968","article-title":"Use of a Von Frey device for evaluation of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of morphine after intravenous administration as an infusion or multiple doses in dogs","volume":"66","author":"KuKanich","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026021006405342800_jvim15297-bib-0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.11.003","article-title":"Feasibility and repeatability of thermal quantitative sensory testing in normal dogs and dogs with hind limb osteoarthritis-associated pain","volume":"199","author":"Williams","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026021006405342800_jvim15297-bib-0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2010.00712.x","article-title":"Evaluation of a Midhumeral block of the radial, ulnar, musculocutaneous and median (RUMM block) nerves for analgesia of the distal aspect of the thoracic limb in dogs","volume":"39","author":"Trumpatori","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"key":"2026021006405342800_jvim15297-bib-0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2016.09.004","article-title":"Development and initial validation of a sensory threshold examination protocol (STEP) for phenotyping canine pain syndromes","volume":"44","author":"Sanchis-Mora","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg"},{"key":"2026021006405342800_jvim15297-bib-0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2012.11.003","article-title":"The use of an electronic Von Frey device for evaluation of sensory threshold in neurologically normal dogs and those with acute spinal cord injury","volume":"197","author":"Moore","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026021006405342800_jvim15297-bib-0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.10.025","article-title":"Feasibility and repeatability of cold and mechanical quantitative sensory testing in normal dogs","volume":"199","author":"Briley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026021006405342800_jvim15297-bib-0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2006.01.041","article-title":"Quantitative sensory testing in the German research network on neuropathic pain (DFNS): standardized protocol and reference values","volume":"123","author":"Rolke","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"2026021006405342800_jvim15297-bib-0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/115.3.893","article-title":"Quantitative somatosensory thermotest. A key method for functional evaluation of small calibre afferent channels","volume":"115","author":"Verdugo","year":"1992","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2026021006405342800_jvim15297-bib-0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2011.08.012","article-title":"Distribution of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide in the spinal cord of Cavalier King Charles Spaniels affected by symptomatic syringomyelia","volume":"93","author":"Hu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"2026021006405342800_jvim15297-bib-0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12080","article-title":"A potential role for substance P and Interleukin-6 in the cerebrospinal fluid of Cavalier King Charles Spaniels with neuropathic pain","volume":"27","author":"Schmidt","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026021006405342800_jvim15297-bib-0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12475","article-title":"Prevalence and heritability of symptomatic syringomyelia in cavalier king Charles spaniels and long-term outcome in symptomatic and asymptomatic littermates","volume":"29","author":"Th\u00f8fner","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026021006405342800_jvim15297-bib-0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.d1726","article-title":"Prevalence of asymptomatic syringomyelia in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels","volume":"168","author":"Parker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Rec"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fjvim.15297","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/32\/6\/2021\/66838711\/jvim15297.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/32\/6\/2021\/66838711\/jvim15297.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T11:41:04Z","timestamp":1770723664000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article\/32\/6\/2021\/8471026"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvim.15297","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-03-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-07-17","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-10-11","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}