{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T17:20:16Z","timestamp":1770744016973,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2712,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,20]],"date-time":"2018-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1537401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":19,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Epil-K9 Foundation"},{"name":"Epil-K9 Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Extended-release levetiracetam (LEV-XR) has gained acceptance as an antiepileptic drug in dogs. No studies have evaluated its disposition in dogs with epilepsy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis\/Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of LEV-XR in epileptic dogs when administered alone or with phenobarbital or zonisamide.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eighteen client-owned dogs on steady-state maintenance treatment with LEV-XR (Group L, n\u2009=\u20096), LEV-XR and phenobarbital (Group LP, n\u2009=\u20096), or LEV-XR and zonisamide (Group LZ, n\u2009=\u20096).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pharmacokinetic study. Blood samples were collected at 0, 2, 4, 8, and 12\u2009hours after LEV-XR was administered with food. Plasma LEV concentrations were determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography. A population pharmacokinetic approach and nonlinear mixed effects modeling were used to analyze the data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Treatment group accounted for most of the interindividual variation. The LP group had lower CMAX (13.38\u2009\u03bcg\/mL) compared to the L group (33.01\u2009\u03bcg\/mL) and LZ group (34.13\u2009\u03bcg\/mL), lower AUC (134.86 versus 352.95 and 452.76\u2009hours\u00b7\u03bcg\/mL, respectively), and higher CL\/F (0.17 versus 0.08 and 0.07\u2009L\/kg\/hr, respectively). The half-life that defined the terminal slope of the plasma concentration versus time curve (~5 hours) was similar to values previously reported for healthy dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Considerable variation exists in the pharmacokinetics of LEV-XR in dogs with epilepsy being treated with a common dose regimen. Concurrent administration of phenobarbital contributed significantly to the variation. Other factors evaluated, including co-administration of zonisamide, were not shown to contribute to the variability. Drug monitoring may be beneficial to determine the most appropriate dose of LEV-XR in individual dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,21]],"date-time":"2018-09-21T14:20:46Z","timestamp":1537539646000},"page":"1677-1683","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Population pharmacokinetics of extended-release levetiracetam in epileptic dogs when administered alone, with phenobarbital or zonisamide"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9592-6276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen R.","family":"Mu\u00f1ana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University Department of Clinical Sciences, , Raleigh, NC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arturo 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