{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T08:26:18Z","timestamp":1788942378291,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2658,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,12]],"date-time":"2018-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1539302400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007404","name":"Finnish Foundation of Veterinary Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007404","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006515","name":"Finnish Veterinary Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006515","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007404","name":"Suomen El\u00e4inl\u00e4\u00e4ketieteen S\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007404","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006515","name":"El\u00e4inl\u00e4\u00e4ketieteen Tutkimuksen Tukis\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006515","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gastroesophageal reflux and microaspiration (MA) of gastric juice are associated with various human respiratory diseases but not in dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To detect the presence of bile acids in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of dogs with various respiratory diseases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty-seven West Highland White Terriers (WHWTs) with canine idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (CIPF), 11 dogs with bacterial pneumonia (BP), 13 with chronic bronchitis (CB), 9 with eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy (EBP), 19 with laryngeal dysfunction (LD), 8 Irish Wolfhounds (IWHs) with previous BPs, 13 healthy WHWTs, all privately owned dogs, and 6 healthy research colony Beagles<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prospective cross-sectional observational study with convenience sampling of dogs. Bile acids were measured by mass spectrometry in BALF samples. Total bile acid (TBA) concentration was calculated as a sum of 17 different bile acids.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Concentrations of TBA were above the limit of quantification in 78% of CIPF, 45% of BP, 62% of CB, 44% of EBP, 68% of LD, and 13% of IWH dogs. In healthy dogs, bile acids were detected less commonly in Beagles (0\/6) than in healthy WHWTs (10\/13). Concentrations of TBA were significantly higher in CIPF (median 0.013\u2009\u03bcM, range not quantifiable [n.q.]-0.14\u2009\u03bcM, P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001), healthy WHWTs (0.0052\u2009\u03bcM, n.q.-1.2 \u03bcM, P\u2009=\u2009.003), LD (0.010\u2009\u03bcM, n.q.-2.3 \u03bcM, P\u2009=\u2009.015), and CB (0.0078\u2009\u03bcM, n.q.-0.073\u2009\u03bcM, P\u2009=\u2009.018) groups compared to Beagles (0 \u03bcM, n.q.).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion and Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results suggest that MA occurs in various respiratory diseases of dogs and also in healthy WHWTs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15321","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,12]],"date-time":"2018-10-12T11:07:20Z","timestamp":1539342440000},"page":"2074-2081","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Reflux aspiration in lungs of dogs with respiratory disease and in healthy West Highland White Terriers"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1238-5740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"O. L. Merita","family":"M\u00e4\u00e4tt\u00e4","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, ,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henna P.","family":"Laurila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, ,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saila","family":"Holopainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, ,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liisa","family":"Lilja-Maula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, ,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marika","family":"Melamies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, ,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1208-5799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanna J.","family":"Viitanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, ,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. R.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, , Davis, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ninna","family":"Koho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, ,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikko","family":"Neuvonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki Department of Clinical Pharmacology, ,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikko","family":"Niemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki Department of Clinical Pharmacology, ,","place":["Finland"]},{"name":"HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital 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