{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T12:54:14Z","timestamp":1788440054650,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2590,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,3]],"date-time":"2018-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Barkley Fund"},{"name":"Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine Companion Animal Health Fund"},{"name":"Barkley Fund"},{"name":"Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine Companion Animal Health Fund"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pathophysiologic mechanisms for the development and progression of degenerative mitral valve disease (DMVD) remain elusive. Increased concentrations of circulating trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and its precursors choline and l-carnitine are associated with the presence and severity of heart disease in people.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine if differences exist in plasma concentrations of TMAO, choline, or l-carnitine among dogs with DMVD and congestive heart failure (CHF), dogs with asymptomatic DMVD, and healthy control dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty client-owned dogs: 10 dogs with CHF secondary to DMVD, 10 dogs with asymptomatic DMVD, and 10 healthy control dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A pilot cross-sectional study in which echocardiography was performed and fasting plasma concentrations of TMAO, choline, and l-carnitine (total and fractions) were measured.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>TMAO (P\u2009=\u2009.03), total l-carnitine (P\u2009=\u2009.03), carnitine esters (P\u2009=\u2009.05), and carnitine esters to free carnitine ratio (E\/F ratio; P\u2009=\u2009.05) were significantly higher in dogs with CHF compared to those with asymptomatic DMVD. TMAO (P\u2009=\u2009.02), choline (P\u2009=\u2009.01), total l-carnitine (P\u2009=\u2009.01), carnitine esters (P\u2009=\u2009.02), free carnitine (P\u2009=\u2009.02), and E\/F ratio (P\u2009=\u2009.009) were significantly higher in dogs with CHF compared to healthy controls.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dogs with CHF secondary to DMVD had higher concentrations of TMAO compared to both asymptomatic DMVD dogs and healthy controls. Larger prospective studies are warranted to determine if TMAO plays a role in the development or progression of DMVD or CHF.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15347","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,3]],"date-time":"2018-12-03T07:15:15Z","timestamp":1543821315000},"page":"46-53","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["A pilot study investigating circulating trimethylamine\n                    <i>N<\/i>\n                    -oxide and its precursors in dogs with degenerative mitral valve disease with or without congestive heart failure"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Emily T.","family":"Karlin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University Department of Clinical Sciences, , North Grafton, 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