{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T17:43:42Z","timestamp":1770745422534,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2590,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,2]],"date-time":"2018-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543708800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Proteinuria is a marker of chronic kidney disease in dogs and a risk factor for increased morbidity and death. Predictive models using the results of readily available screening tests could foster early recognition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine whether urine specific gravity (USG) and semiquantitative category of dipstick protein can be used to predict urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio (UP\u200a:\u200aC) and to examine the effect of urine culture results on UP\u200a:\u200aC in dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Three hundred ninety-four dogs (482 visits) presented to a university Community Practice Clinic or Veterinary Teaching Hospital between January 2011 and November 2015.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective study. Medical records were searched to identify dogs for which urinalysis, UP\u200a:\u200aC measurement, and urine culture testing were performed during a single hospital visit. Urine specific gravity, UP\u200a:\u200aC, dipstick protein concentration, and findings of urine sediment analysis and urine culture were recorded. Regression or Spearman correlation analysis was used to test for relationships between UP\u200a:\u200aC and USG within dipstick categories and between UP\u200a:\u200aC and bacterial colony-forming units per milliliter, respectively. Cohen's kappa test was used to evaluate agreement between urine culture and UP\u200a:\u200aC testing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There were significant (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.05) weak negative correlations (R2 range, 0.14-0.37) between UP\u200a:\u200aC and USG for all nonnegative urine protein dipstick categories. The presence of a positive urine culture did not agree with the presence of abnormal UP\u200a:\u200aC (\u03ba\u2009=\u2009\u22120.06).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Within dipstick protein categories, UP\u200a:\u200aC cannot be accurately predicted from USG. Repeating UP\u200a:\u200aC measurement after resolution of urinary tract infection is advisable.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15377","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,3]],"date-time":"2018-12-03T00:50:44Z","timestamp":1543798244000},"page":"192-199","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Relationships among urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio, urine specific gravity, and bacteriuria in canine urine samples"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4592-8158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alison G.","family":"Meindl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, , Athens,","place":["Georgia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5249-4645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bianca N.","family":"Louren\u00e7o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, , Athens,","place":["Georgia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5476-5963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda E.","family":"Coleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, , Athens,","place":["Georgia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kate E.","family":"Creevy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, , Athens,","place":["Georgia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020922045485000_jvim15377-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2006.11.003","article-title":"Measurement, interpretation, and implications of proteinuria and albuminuria","volume":"37","author":"Grauer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026020922045485000_jvim15377-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2005.226.393","article-title":"Evaluation of the association between initial proteinuria and morbidity rate or death in dogs with naturally occurring chronic renal failure","volume":"226","author":"Jacob","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020922045485000_jvim15377-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.236.8.874","article-title":"Comparison of urine dipstick, sulfosalicylic acid, urine protein-to-creatinine ratio, and species-specific ELISA methods for detection of albumin in urine samples of cats and dogs","volume":"236","author":"Lyon","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020922045485000_jvim15377-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2011.04.002","article-title":"Proteinuria: measurement and interpretation","volume":"26","author":"Grauer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Top Companion Anim Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026020922045485000_jvim15377-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02713.x","article-title":"Assessment and management of proteinuria in dogs and cats: 2004 ACVIM Forum Consensus Statement (small animal)","volume":"19","author":"Lees","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020922045485000_jvim15377-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.71.2.235","article-title":"Evaluation of a urine dipstick test for confirmation or exclusion of proteinuria in dogs","volume":"71","author":"Zatelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026020922045485000_jvim15377-bib-0007","article-title":"IRIS staging of CKD. 2015"},{"key":"2026020922045485000_jvim15377-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310","article-title":"The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data","volume":"33","author":"Landis","year":"1977","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"2026020922045485000_jvim15377-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/158.1.29","article-title":"Bacterial attachment and inflammation in the urinary tract","volume":"158","author":"de Man","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026020922045485000_jvim15377-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3031","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfl373","article-title":"Does urinary tract infection cause proteinuria or microalbuminuria? 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